Notes

Notes

 

Chapters

Chapters

157 1. an army of workers BVG 97, 5/28/1877: Vincent estimated the number of dockworkers at "around 3,000."

Context:
JLB 116, 5/28/1877: "Right now all the people are leaving the dockyard to go home, that's nice to see. One hears them already early in the morning, I think there are around 3,000 of them, the sound of their footsteps is something like the sound of the sea."

2. "like the roaring" BVG 97, 5/28/1877.

Context:
BVG 97, 5/28/1877: "I hear them already early in the morning; I think there are about 3,000 of them, and the sound of their footsteps is like the roaring of the sea."
JLB 116, 5/28/1877: "One hears them already early in the morning, I think there are around 3,000 of them, the sound of their footsteps is something like the sound of the sea."

3. lamplighters BVG 115, 12/4/1877.

Context:
JLB 136, 12/3/1877-12/4/1877: "There goes the bell, and the whole stream of workers is coming towards the gate, and with them the lamplighter to light the street-lamp in the square behind the house."

4. ironclad warships BVG 107, 8/27/1877. Vincent mentions the monitors in the harbor again in JLB 136, 12/3/1877-12/4/1877 ("the grey and red gun-turrets"). Monitors had a low free deck, which provided for a stable gun platform. They were used primarily for coastal patrolling.

Context:
JLB 128, 8/27/1877: "Last week at the dockyard a ship (monitor the Draak)."

5. "a magnificent spectacle" BVG 103, 7/27/1877.

Context:
BVG 103, 7/27/1877: "Generally I get up at a very early hour; before the sun rises over the naval yard and the labourers arrive, my window offers me a magnificent spectacle …"
JLB 123, 7/27/1877: "Am quite often up rather early in the morning, and when the sun rises over the yard and the workers come a while later it's a wonderful sight from the window …"

6. "He who must" BVG 107, 8/27/1877.

Context:
BVG 107, 8/27/1877: "When I go there, I look at them carefully; he who must learn to work must watch the workers, especially if he has a little study right among the workshops; for just as large and small ships are under construction in a shipyard, gradually finished and then launched, so in a study, large and small works are planned, carried on by 'patient continuance in well doing,' and finished with God's help."
JLB 128, 8/27/1877: "… whenever I go there I take a good look at them, if one wants to learn how to work oneself one must pay attention to the workers, and to the workshops if one has a little study, for just as in a shipyard there are smaller and larger ships that are eventually finished and launched, in a study there are larger and smaller works planned and carried on 'by patient continuance in well doing' and completed with God's blessing."

7. "patient persistence" BVG 107, 8/27/1877. We have substituted the word “persistence” for the word “continuance” used in both the BVG and the JLB translations. (See Ch. 10, n. 6.)

Context:
BVG 107, 8/27/1877: "When I go there, I look at them carefully; he who must learn to work must watch the workers, especially if he has a little study right among the workshops; for just as large and small ships are under construction in a shipyard, gradually finished and then launched, so in a study, large and small works are planned, carried on by ' patient continuance in well doing,' and finished with God's help."
JLB 128, 8/27/1877: "… whenever I go there I take a good look at them, if one wants to learn how to work oneself one must pay attention to the workers, and to the workshops if one has a little study, for just as in a shipyard there are smaller and larger ships that are eventually finished and launched, in a study there are larger and smaller works planned and carried on 'by patient continuance in well doing' and completed with God's blessing."

8. "God's help" BVG 107, 8/27/1877. (See Ch. 10, n. 6.)

Context:
BVG 107, 8/27/1877: "When I go there, I look at them carefully; he who must learn to work must watch the workers, especially if he has a little study right among the workshops; for just as large and small ships are under construction in a shipyard, gradually finished and then launched, so in a study, large and small works are planned, carried on by 'patient continuance in well doing,' and finished with God's help."
JLB 128, 8/27/1877: "… whenever I go there I take a good look at them, if one wants to learn how to work oneself one must pay attention to the workers, and to the workshops if one has a little study, for just as in a shipyard there are smaller and larger ships that are eventually finished and launched, in a study there are larger and smaller works planned and carried on 'by patient continuance in well doing' and completed with God's blessing."

9. "soil" Coquiot, p. 58. 10. treacherous North Sea Mak, p. 21. 11. storms sprang BVG 101, 6/12/1877: Vincent recorded this in a letter in June.

Context:
JLB 120, 6/12/1877: "A terrible storm blew up here this morning at quarter to 5, a little while later the first stream of workers came through the gate of the dockyard in the pouring rain."

12. "The impossible city" Mak, p. 20. 158 13. program of canal digging Mak, p. 106: Amsterdam's configuration is also likened to a "half moon" and a "half onion." 14. Not directly accessible Mak, p. 111. 15. sandbanks Mak, p. 20. 16. headwinds Mak, p. 20. 17. lie offshore Mak, p. 111. 18. never took the trouble Mak, p. 201: Some might argue that an exception to this general neglect of monumental architecture was Samuel Sarpharti's Paleis van Volksvlijt (Palace of People's Industry) on the Frederiksplein, which was inspired by London's Crystal Palace. Begun in 1858 and completed in 1864, the building was indeed monumental in scale and "modern" in spirit, but reflected more the ambitions of its builder rather than the civic pride of the community in which it was built. (Mak refers to it as "his [the builder’s] monument.") 19. memorials to bygone glories Mak, p. 197: Until only a few years before Vincent's arrival, locals kept chickens on Rembrandt Square. 20. lacking faith Mak, p. 197: Mak offers several possible explanations for the lack of monuments in Amsterdam: the diminished role of the country’s monarchy -- the engine of so much monumental construction elsewhere on the continent; the essential conflict in the Dutch character between the need to brag about one’s wealth and the conviction that such bragging was unseemly (“embarrassing”); and an ingrained confidence in the historic importance of the Dutch nation, which rendered grand but impractical assertions of civic pride superfluous -– a violation of Dutch pragmatism. 21. new canal Mak, p. 206: Mak calls the North Sea Canal (Noordzeekanaal) "the great motor behind the modernization of Amsterdam." He makes the point that Amsterdam's recovery was also greatly boosted by the rise of German industrialism, the success of Dutch colonies in the Indies (especially after the opening of the Suez Canal), and an improved continental railway network. 22. sleepy Mak, p. 205: Mak makes this point vividly with the following juxtaposition: "In 1860, one could still hear a pin drop in the city. Barely 20 years later, however, in 1877, on an evening walk around the Damrak and the Kalverstraat, the Belgian writer Charles de Coster saw nothing but magnificently lit shops, ... 'Illuminated cellars opened their entrances wide, and inside there were toy shops, piles of scarves and fabrics in all sorts of colours. The quays and canals were equally lively. Steamers with green lamps moved across the black, silent water in all directions. Omnibuses with people hanging on to them in droves and jumping off during the ride rattled across the echoing cobblestones. Street lamps in huge numbers were reflected in the water like large fiery snakes.' Suddenly, in barely two decades, Amsterdam was a waking city again ..." 23. harbor was enlarged Mak, p. 205. 24. docks built Mak, p. 205. 25. islands raised Mak, p. 205. 26. train station Mak, p. 205: According to Mak, the Central Station was "designed in 1876 and built between 1882 and 1889." 27. neighborhoods appeared Mak, p. 202: Private developers filled up canals and built new neighborhoods of mostly shoddy workmen's housing, hoping to turn a quick profit before these, too, started to sink. Mak illustrates the point with the example, from 1876, of "a building in the Ferdinand Bolstraat [that] collapsed while it was being erected." One result of this practice, says Mak, "was that the streets looked dilapidated after only a few years." 28. great new museum Mak, p. 200. We know from Vincent's letters that the building of the Rijksmuseum was already being considered at this time (JLB 4, 1/28/1873). It was not completed until 1886. A nearby concert hall, the Concertgebouw, was in the early planning stages at the same time, but not opened until 1888. 29. he saw BVG 110, 9/18/1877: Vincent saw these “big sand” piles on the riverfront opposite his uncle's house on the Buitenkant.

Context:
JLB 131, 9/18/1877: "Walked back over the big sand."

30. every street corner BVG 110, 9/18/1877.

Context:
JLB 131, 9/18/1877: "Walked back over the big sand works by the Oosterspoor which you know, and along Buitenkant, the moon was shining and everything was full of M. Maris or Andersen. From there it's such a wonderful sight across the city and towers, with lights here and there, on one side the IJ and on the other Bickerseiland."

31. "Sometimes it is right" BVG 111, 10/21/1877.

Context:
JLB 132, 10/21/1877: "Sometimes it's good to persevere and get on with it."

159 32. language of instruction Mathijsen, p. 12. 33. small fraction Mathijsen, p. 12: According to Mathijsen, "very few people went to university. Even in 1880 not even 0.26 percent of the population were [university] students." 34. three universities Mathijsen, p. 12: These were located at Leyden, Utrecht, and Groningen. 35. as a sophomoreThis is a rough equivalence only. At the time Vincent left Tilburg HBS in 1868, he had almost completed the second year of a five-year program. 36. insuperable barrier BVG 113, 11/19/1877. In addition to Latin, the university-admissions exam tested the applicant’s knowledge of Greek, algebra, mathematics, history, geography, and Dutch grammar. The exams were graded not just severely, but even capriciously, according to rumor. "If one says or writes a wrong word," Vincent reported, "it can be the cause of failure" (JLB 136, 12/3/1877-12/4/1877). Vincent betrayed elsewhere a general wariness about the good intentions of the exam graders that may have been, in part, typical student grumbling and in part characteristic paranoia: "[I have] a feeling hanging over me that many difficult examinations will have to be taken, set by very learned and cunning professors" (JLB 123, 7/27/1877).

Context:
JLB 134, 11/19/1877: "An entrance exam has been held at the university here for the first time -- it's here in the city that I'll sit the exam as well. In addition to the usual 4 subjects of Latin, Greek, algebra and geometry, they also tested history, geography and Dutch."

37. at least two years BVG 113, 11/19/1877. Vincent focused on the proposition that "2 years would be necessary" (JLB 134, 11/19/1877). His father took a more guarded view. "Vincent's study for the entrance examination will take at least two years if not three" (b2549 V/1982, "Gogh, Theodorus en Anna C. van" to "Gogh, Theo van", 8/6/1877) .

Context:
JLB 134, 11/19/1877: "Because when I started they said that 2 years would be necessary for the first 4 subjects mentioned, whereas if I should pass in October, I'll have done more in an even shorter time."

38. do it in less BVG 113, 11/19/1877. (See Ch. 10, n. 36.)

Context:
JLB 134, 11/19/1877: "Because when I started they said that 2 years would be necessary for the first 4 subjects mentioned, whereas if I should pass in October, I'll have done more in an even shorter time."

39. "May God grant" BVG 113, 11/19/1877.

Context:
BVG 113, 11/19/1877: " May God grant me the necessary wisdom and grant my wishes, that He will allow me to end my studies as early as possible in order that I become ordained, so that I can perform the duties of a clergyman."
JLB 134, 11/19/1877: " May God give me the wisdom I need and grant me my heart's desire, namely to complete my studies as soon as possible and to be inducted into a living and the practical duties of a minister."

40. Latin and Greek BVG 97, 5/28/1877.

Context:
JLB 116, 5/28/1877: "Today was stormy, on my way to my lessons this morning I looked towards the Zuiderzee from the bridge."

41. mathematics and algebra BVG 116, 12/9/1877: Vincent studied with a math and algebra tutor named Teixeira da Mattos from eight until ten P.M. Teixeira da Mattos was a teacher at the "Jewish School for the Poor," according to Vincent, (JLB 134, 11/19/1877).

Context:
JLB 137, 12/9/1877: "Have taken pains to find a teacher of Algebra and Geometry and have succeeded, namely a cousin of Mendes, Teixeira de Mattos, a teacher at the Jewish School for the Poor."

42. literature BVG 104, 8/3/1877: Vincent mentions reading the Odyssey, and presumably also read the Illiad.

Context:
JLB 125, 8/3/1877: "Our life is very similar to a journey, and open to very many and very great catastrophes and accidents. The nature of Odysseus, and the grapes of the vineyard'."

43. history BVG 95, 5/19/1877. Vincent expressed a desire to read a “General History” by Carl Adolph Streckfuß. “I've already started it,” he wrote. “It won't be easy, but taking it one step at a time and doing it well must surely produce results, this I fervently hope.” According to JLB, the history in question was Die Weltgeschichte, Dem Volke erzählt, which was originally published in German, but appeared later in a Dutch translation (see JLB 114, 5/19/1877; n. 21).

Context:
JLB 114, 5/19/1877: "One of these days I'll be starting General History from the book by Streckfuss, or rather, I've already started it. It won't be easy, but taking it one step at a time and doing it well must surely produce results, this I fervently hope."

44. lengthy summaries BVG 120, 3/3/1878: Vincent reported that he wrote "an extract of 30 pages" of a history of the Netherlands. Among the other subjects he reported synopsizing were: the Reformation, the Crusades (JLB 135, 11/24/1877-11/25/1877), the Roman Empire (ibid.), and Dutch history (JLB 133, 10/30/1877). In relation to the last, Vincent wrote "the 80 Years' War is really wonderful" (ibid.). According to Pabst and Uitert, the "little book about the Crusades by Gruson" that Vincent refers to (JLB 135, 11/24/1877-11/25/1877) is Auguste Gruson's Histoire des croisades: raconte a la jeunesse (Pabst and Van Uitert, p. 78). The Dutch history from which he copied out an excerpt was one of two works by John Lothop Motley: his three-volume The Rise of the Dutch Republic (1555-1584) or his History of the United Netherlands (4 vols., 1860-67) (JLB 135, 11/24/1877-11/25/1877). Curiously, Motley was an American whose definitive histories of Vincent's homeland were written in English.

Context:
JLB 142, 3/3/1878: "Have worked my way through the history of the Netherlands and made an extract of 30 pages, closely written."

45. copied out BVG 103, 7/27/1877.

Context:
JLB 123, 7/27/1877: "I'm now collecting Latin and Greek themes and all kinds of writings on history and so on. Am working on one on the Reformation that's getting rather long."

46. whole books BVG 108, 9/4/1877: Vincent reported copying "the whole of" Kempis’s L'imitation de Jésus Christ.

Context:
JLB 129, 9/4/1877: "Am also busy copying out the whole of L'imitation de Jésus Christ from a French edition I've borrowed from Uncle Cor, that book is sublime, and he who wrote it must have been a man after God's heart; had such an irresistible yearning for that book a few days ago, perhaps because I look at that lithograph after [Luis] Ruipérez so often, and asked Uncle Cor if I could borrow it."

47. "I know no better" BVG 108, 9/4/1877. (See Ch. 10, n. 46.)

Context:
BVG 108, 9/4/1877: "A few days ago such an irresistible longing for that book came over me -- perhaps because I so often look at the lithograph after Ruyperez -- that I asked Uncle Cor to lend it to me; now I am copying it in the evening: it means much work, but I have finished most of it, and I know no better way to study it."JLB 129, 9/4/1877: "… had such an irresistible yearning for that book a few days ago, perhaps because I look at that lithograph after Ruipérez so often, and asked Uncle Cor if I could borrow it. Now I sit here in the evenings writing it out, it's a lot of work but a good part of it is done, and I know no better way of getting some of it into my head."

48. in the sitting room BVG 107, 8/27/1877.

Context:
JLB 128, 8/27/1877: "Can go and sit in my bedroom, but there the temptation to rest is too great when it's late, and there's no gas in my little study."

49. chased him to bed BVG 107, 8/27/1877. The implication of the following passage is that Uncle Jan retired to bed early and that if Vincent wanted to study late, he had to be stealthy about it: "Uncle Jan is planning to go to Helvoirt for a week on 1 Sept., I hope to profit by it by sitting downstairs for a long time in the evening in the living room and writing, I could do it anyway, but Uncle's bedroom is nearby, so I have to be quiet" (JLB 128, 8/27/1877). Vincent complained that there was "no gas in my little study" (i.e., his bedroom) (see Ch. 10, n. 48), and therefore, presumably, if he retreated to his bedroom to work, he had to read by candlelight.

Context:
JLB 128, 8/27/1877: "I could do it anyway, but Uncle's bedroom is nearby, so I have to be quiet."

50. "the temptation" BVG 107, 8/27/1877: We have slightly altered the translation. (See Ch. 10, n. 48.)

Context:
BVG 107, 8/27/1877: "… I can sit in my bedroom, but there the temptation to go to bed when it is getting late is too strong, and there is no gas in my little study."
JLB 128, 8/27/1877: "Can go and sit in my bedroom, but there the temptation to rest is too great when it's late, and there's no gas in my little study."

51. straight through BVG 101, 6/12/1877: This is the clear implication of Vincent's comment in June, only a month after his arrival.

Context:
JLB 120, 6/12/1877: "I've worked my way through the history of the Old Testament up to Samuel, this evening I'll start with Kings, when that work is finished, it will be a valuable thing to have."

52. make long lists BVG 106, 8/18/1877.

Context:
JLB 127, 8/18/1877: "Wrote a text in which all the parables are listed in order and the miracles and so on, and am also doing the same in English and French, expecting Latin and Greek to be added later on, may it come to pass!"

53. of parables BVG 106, 8/18/1877. (See Ch. 10, n. 52.)

Context:
JLB 127, 8/18/1877: "Wrote a text in which all the parables are listed in order and the miracles and so on, and am also doing the same in English and French, expecting Latin and Greek to be added later on, may it come to pass!"

54. in English and French BVG 106, 8/18/1877. (See Ch. 10, n. 52.)

Context:
JLB 115, 5/21/1877-5/22/1877: "Wrote a text in which all the parables are listed in order and the miracles and so on, and am also doing the same in English and French, expecting Latin and Greek to be added later on, may it come to pass!"

55. "After all" BVG 96, 5/21/1877-5/22/1877.

Context:
BVG 96, 5/21/1877-5/22/1877: "I am engrossed in the study of the Bible, but only in the evenings, when my day's labours are done, or in the early morning -- after all, it is the Bible that is essential -- though my duty is to devote myself to other study, which I do."
JLB 115, 5/21/1877-5/22/1877: "I've already begun studying the Bible, but only in the evenings, when I've finished my work for the day, or early in the morning -- after all, that's the most important thing -- even though it's now my duty to dedicate myself to studying other things, which I do, of course."

56. "with the tenacity" BVG 113, 11/19/1877.

Context: BVG 113, 11/19/1877: "I apply myself to these studies with the tenacity of a dog that gnaws a bone; I should also like to know the grammar, history and geography of the Nordic countries, particularly those countries that border on the North Sea and the Channel."
JLB 134, 11/19/1877: "So I have to study these just as diligently as a dog gnaws a bone, and similarly I should like to know the languages, history and geography of the northern countries, i.e. those around the North Sea and the English Channel."

57. "steadfastness" BVG 95, 5/19/1877. Elsewhere, as here, Vincent protests the difficulty of the task before him: "It won't be easy, but taking it one step at a time and doing it well must surely produce results" (JLB 114, 5/19/1877). "It is, as you well know, no small undertaking, and we don't know the outcome, and so in any case I want to try and fight a good fight" (JLB 129, 9/4/1877). "Truly life is a fight, and one must defend oneself and resist and make plans and calculations with a cheerful and alert mind in order to make it through and get ahead" (JLB 133, 10/30/1877).

Context:
BVG 95, 5/19/1877: "There's a lot of work to do already and it isn't easy, but with steadfastness one should get used to it."
JLB 114, 5/19/1877: "I have a lot of work already, and it isn't easy, but meekness will help one to get used to it."

58. "perseverance" BVG 101, 6/12/1877.

Context:
BVG 101, 6/12/1877: "'Not a day without a line'; by writing, reading, working and practicing daily, perseverance will lead me to a good end."
JLB 120, 6/12/1877: "'No day without a line', daily writing, reading, working and practicing, with meekness and perseverance, will surely lead to something" (emphasis in original).

59. "fight the good fight" BVG 108, 9/4/1877. (See Ch. 10, n. 57.)

Context:
BVG 108, 9/4/1877: "As you know, it is no small undertaking, and we do not know the result; but at all events I will try to fight the good fight."
JLB 129, 9/4/1877: "It is, as you well know, no small undertaking, and we don't know the outcome, and so in any case I want to try and fight a good fight."

60. "with God's help" BVG 103, 7/27/1877.

Context:
BVG 103, 7/27/1877: "The other day I met a young man who had just passed his entrance examination for Leyden University. It is not easy -- he told me what they had asked him. But I must keep courage; with God's help I will pass, and the other examinations too."
JLB 123, 7/27/1877: "Recently spoke to a young man who had just done his entrance examination for the Leiden college with a good result -- it isn't easy, he told me what they asked him, but I do keep up my courage, and with God's help I'll pass them, and the following examinations as well."

61. "stretched" BVG 101, 6/12/1877.

Context:
BVG 101, 6/12/1877: "The days fly by. I am four years older than you are, and probably they seem to go more swiftly to me than to you, but I fight against it by stretching them a little in the morning and evening."
JLB 120, 6/12/1877: "The days fly past, I'm four years older than you and I feel that they probably go by faster for me than for you, but I fight against it by stretching them out a bit in the mornings and evenings."

62. "deep in the night" BVG 106, 8/18/1877.

Context:
BVG 106, 8/18/1877: "In the daytime I have to prepare for Mendes, and so I am doing it late in the evening, or for instance as today, deep in the night or early in the morning."
JLB 127, 8/18/1877: "During the day I'm busy studying for Mendes, and so work on it late in the evening or, for example, today until late at night and in the morning."

63. "I must sit up" BVG 108, 9/4/1877.

Context:
BVG 108, 9/4/1877: " I must sit up as long as I can keep my eyes open tonight, so I will close this, but if I have any time left, I will fill up the page later."
JLB 129, 9/4/1877: " Have to stay up this evening as long as I can keep my eyes open and so end this; if I have time, I'll finish this page."

64. read while walking BVG 101, 6/12/1877.

Context:
JLB 120, 6/12/1877: "When I arrived, His Reverence was taking his afternoon nap and I was requested to go for a half-hour walk, which I did, fortunately I had that little book by Lamennais in my pocket and I read under the trees lining the canals …"

65. never left town BVG 106, 8/18/1877.

Context:
JLB 127, 8/18/1877: "But for the time being I'm not leaving town on Sundays, I simply may not."

66. Theo sent him BVG 105, 8/5/1877. Vincent claimed that he did not want to ask for money for the trip from Uncle Stricker (with whom Dorus had deposited funds for Vincent) (JLB 126, 8/5/1877). Wylie's suggestion that Vincent refused Theo's offer because he wanted to spend time with his cousin Kee Vos's family is taken up in the text (Wylie, pp. 4-7).

Context:
JLB 126, 8/5/1877: "I found a couple of stamps enclosed in your letter, for which I sincerely thank you, you also said you would send a postal order so that I could come to The Hague and see the exhibition of drawings. The postal order indeed arrived today, Sunday morning, I thank you for it and for your kind offer, but I'm sending the money back and am not coming, however much I'd like to see all the beautiful and interesting things you wrote about."

67. set Sundays asideThis is not to suggest that Vincent did not attend church on other days. In fact, the letters contain frequent references to hearing sermons during the week, especially Tuesdays and Thursdays (e.g., JLB 115, 5/21/1877-5/22/1877). This, in combination with at least one reference to having no classes on Tuesdays, indicates that Vincent's lessons with Mendes da Costa were probably three days a week: Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. 68. "six or seven" Du Quesne-van Gogh, p. 21: Although Lies hedges her hyperbole ("Sundays he would attend six or seven churches or meetings"), this is still probably an exaggeration. On most Sundays, Vincent would have gone to perhaps two services in the morning, one in the afternoon, and one in the evening. Vincent had no difficulty filling out this busy schedule. Amsterdam was a center of religious activity. Mak refers to the city as the "Canterbury of the Low Countries," offering Vincent a weekly feast of homilies that matched his hunger (Mak, p. 46). 69. an assigned seat Kruizinga, n.p. 70. fifteenth-century Actually, the church was built in four sections, starting in about 1425. Sections were added in 1500, 1618-1620, and 1645. 71. warren of streets BVG 102, 7/15/1877: This old area of Amsterdam reminded Vincent of London.

Context:
JLB 122, 7/15/1877: "… that Oudezijdskapel is in a very narrow street, Zeedijk, near the part of Buitenkant called 'the old tar-yards' and near Warmoesstraat. It's a very nice part of town and reminds one of the heart of London, like Booksellers' Row or some such place."

160 72. largely abandoned Hulsker, pp. 57-58: Hulsker does not give a reason for why "very few people came" to the Oudezijds Chapel, and he may be relying exclusively on Vincent's account. It is true, however, that most of the residents had moved out of this ancient ("picturesque") old harborside area by this time. 73. only company BVG 102, 7/15/1877.

Context:
JLB 122, 7/15/1877: "There were very few people in the church, apart from the orphan boys and orphan girls with their red and black clothes, who filled a large part of the little old church nonetheless."

74. sailing cadets BVG 122, 5/1/1878: The cadets came from the nearby.

Context:
JLB 144, 5/19/1878: "It was his turn to preach in the Oudezijdskapel, where the boys from the orphanage and those from the nautical college usually go."

75. his house nearby Groot and De Vries, p. 15: At the time of Vincent’s stay in Amsterdam, the Strickers lived at 77 Gelderskade. Around the end of the year, they moved into a house they had built at 168 Keizersgracht. Later, they moved again, to 8 Keizersgracht. In November 1877, Vincent’s mother Anna reported that: "Uncle S[tricker] sold his house. They have finished the house in the Keizersgracht" (b2569 V/1982, "Gogh-Carbentus, Anna C. van" to "Gogh, Theo van", 11/21/1877). 76. "warmth and true feeling" BVG 101a, 7/9/1877.

Context:
BVG 101a, 7/9/1877: "I often hear Uncle Stricker; what he says is very good, and he preaches with much warmth and true feeling."
JLB 121, 7/9/1877: "I often hear Uncle Stricker, and what he says is very good, and he speaks with much warmth and feeling."

77. walked great distancesBVG 100, 6/4/1877-6/5/1877. In June, Vincent went to the Amstel Church, a mile south, to hear Stricker preach on II Cor. 4:18 -- "for the things which are seen are temporal; but the things which are not seen are eternal" (JLB 119, 6/4/1877-6/5/1877). Another time, Vincent traveled as far as the Island Church on Bicker's Island on the other side of the harbor – a ferry ride away – to hear his uncle preach (JLB 123, 7/27/1877).

Context:
JLB 119, 6/4/1877-6/5/1877: "Went to the early sermon yesterday morning, heard a sermon on the text 'Wilt thou be made whole?', how they that be whole need not a physician, but they that are sick. Afterwards I heard Uncle Stricker in the Amstelkerk that you know on 2 Cor. 4:18, 'for the things which are seen are temporal; but the things which are not seen are eternal'."

78. largest Reformed churches "Welcome in the Westerkerk." 79. Jeremias Posthumus Meyjes BVG 102, 7/15/1877. We have adopted the English spelling. The original Dutch is "Meijjes." After meeting the elder Reverend Reinier Meyjes [Posthumus-Meijjes] in June (JLB 120, 6/12/1877), Vincent was introduced to the son, Jeremie (Jeremias), in July (JLB 122, 7/15/1877). At the same time, he met Jeremie's wife, Jeanne, and children, Christiaan, Reinier, Willem, Leonard, Guliana, Egbert, and Catharina. One of the Reverend’s sons was an engineer who had helped to build the dockyard , as well as the new Kattenburg bridge (ibid.).

Context:
JLB 122, 7/15/1877: "Last week I spent an evening at the old Rev. Meijjes's and met his son there, the Rev. Jeremie Meijjes."

80. an introduction BVG 101, 6/12/1877.

Context:
JLB 120, 6/12/1877: "Paid a visit yesterday to the Rev. Meijjes and his wife, because Pa had told me to do this, and I had tea with them."

81. "tall, noble figure" BVG 102, 7/15/1877.

Context:
BVG 102, 7/15/1877: "I watched him leave the pulpit and pass through the church after the sermon; that tall, noble figure, that pale, tired face and the noble head, and the hair already mixed with grey, made a deep impression upon me."
JLB 122, 7/15/1877: "Saw him coming from the pulpit and walking through the church after the sermon, and that tall, noble figure and that tired, pale face and that noble head, the hair already showing some grey, made a great impression on me."

82. elder Meyjes BVG 103, 7/27/1877.

Context:
JLB 123, 7/27/1877: "Last Sunday morning I made a nice excursion, namely first to the early sermon, the Rev. Posthumus Meijjes in the Noorderkerk, then to Bickerseiland, where I walked on the dyke along the IJ until it was time for church again, and then to the Eilandskerk where Uncle Stricker preached."

83. cover seven or eight miles BVG 105, 8/5/1877. Vincent often took circuitous or "scenic" routes to the churches on his route, and, if he arrived early for the next service, kept on walking (JLB 126, 8/5/1877). On a trip to hear Uncle Stricker at the Island Church, he "walked on the dyke along the IJ until it was time for church again" (JLB 123, 7/27/1877).

Context:
JLB 126, 8/5/1877: "Was up rather early this morning and left around 6 o'clock for the early service, afterwards I walked down all sorts of old streets and would have liked to have you with me."

84. darkness BVG 105, 8/5/1877: In the winter, Vincent's six o'clock departure time on Sunday mornings would have been before sunrise.

Context:
JLB 126, 8/5/1877: "Was up rather early this morning and left around 6 o'clock for the early service, afterwards I walked down all sorts of old streets and would have liked to have you with me."

85. punishing rainstorms BVG 102, 7/15/1877. "This afternoon it was stormy and rained here, and I walked to the sea past the Jewish cemetery" (JLB 118, 5/31/1877). By Vincent's own calculation, this was a forty-minute walk each way (JLB 120, 6/12/1877).

Context:
JLB 122, 7/15/1877: "When I left here it was raining, and also when leaving the church, though during the sermon the sun had been shining brightly through the windows."

86. "the frightful number" BVG 112, 10/30/1877. Vincent always held an exaggerated view of the rugged topography of Scotland, describing it as if it were nothing more than a vast graggy outcropping in the North Atlantic and, as here, holding it out as the paradigm of rockiness. This view may have been based on his reading of John Forster's biography of Charles Dickens, in which Forster describes a walk that the author took in the Scottish highlands. "I walked some six miles … to see a waterfall: and truly it was a magnificent sight, foaming and crashing down three great steeps of riven rock ... To-day we have had a journey of between fifty and sixty miles, through the bleakest and most desolate part of Scotland, where the hill-tops are still covered with great patches of snow, and the road winds over steep mountain passes and on the brink of deep brooks and precipices. The cold all day has been intense, and the rain sometimes most violent. It has been impossible to keep warm, by any means; even whiskey failed; the wind was too piercing even for that. … All the way, the road had been among moors and mountains with huge masses of rock, which fell down God knows where, sprinkling the ground in every direction, and giving it the aspect of the burial place of a race of giants." (Forster, pp. 163-164; emphasis in original.)

Context:
BVG 112, 10/30/1877: "Because I have such a frightful number of stone thresholds and church floors and stone stoops of houses under my eyes and feet, I hit on the idea of making those maps of rocky Scotland and colouring them (red and green)."
JLB 133, 10/30/1877: "Because here in town I've seen and walked over so awfully many doorsteps and church floors and flights of steps up to houses, it occurred to me to make those maps of rocky Scotland, and while colouring them in (green and red) …"

87. Mendes da CostaDespite more than a century of noisy rummaging in Vincent’s life history, stunningly little is known about Maurits Benjamin Mendes da Costa. And most of that was provided inadvertently by Da Costa himself when he published his own account of his relationship with Vincent in Het Algemeen Handelsblad in 1910 (Mendes da Costa, “Personal Reminiscences of Vincent van Gogh,” in Stein, ed., pp. 43-44). From the sources, we believe it can be fairly inferred that Uncle Stricker chose Da Costa was chosen as Vincent’s tutor because (1) he was a young doctoral student with knowledge of Latin and Greek and (2) as a young scholar he did not charge much for his tutoring. The first is implied in Vincent’s statement: "I consult Mendes in everything and model my studies on what he has done, for that is how I’d like to do it too" (JLB 133, 10/30/1877).

Tralbaut refers to Mendes da Costa as "the celebrated young professor of classics" (Tralbaut, p. 54), but we can find no evidence of an early promotion or the claimed celebrity. We think it unlikely that Da Costa, a twenty-six-year-old Sephardic Jew, could have risen to the rank of professor in the still calcified world of Dutch academics at such an early age, regardless of how smart or learned he was. Also, there was no university in Amsterdam. JLB refer to Da Costa only as a “classicist … who tutored Van Gogh in Latin and Greek [and] lived at Jonas Daniël Meijerplein 13 (on the third floor)” (JLB 120, 6/12/1877; n. 36). The Mendes da Costa genealogy website http://genealogy.Mendesdacosta.com) lists him as “Dr. Maurits Benjamin Mendes da Costa,” but does not provide the date, source, or nature of the honorific ”Dr.” The second inference is supported by Da Costa's claim in his riminiscences that he had purchased a "very modest" cow's hair carpet for his room,” and was "proud of the fact that I could do it with the pennies I had earned myself" (Mendes da Costa, “Personal Reminiscences of Vincent van Gogh,” in Stein, ed., p. 45). This is not the testimony of a man whose services were either expensive or in demand.
88. dependent relativesMendes da Costa, “Personal Reminiscences of Vincent van Gogh,” in Stein, ed., p. 45. In his account, Da Costa mentioned supporting two live-in relations: “a deaf-mute brother" and "a poor, slightly disfigured aunt who lived with us, who was not very intelligent and who spoke with such difficulty that many ridiculed her." Da Costa told a charming anecdote about Vincent’s interaction with this adled aunt, whose household duty was to answer the doorbell. According to Da Costa: "When she saw Vincent arriving, she hurried to the front door as fast as her old, short legs allowed to welcome him with a 'Good morning, Mister van Gort” (ibid.). Da Costa also recalled that Vincent told him: “[h]owever strangely that aunt of yours pronounces my name, she is a good soul; I rather like her" (ibid.). In a letter to the authors, Leo Jansen explained that “gort” refers to a kind of barley porridge. 89. old Jewish quarter Mak, p. 159: The Jodenbreestraat, what Mak calls a "half-voluntary ghetto," was centered on the islands of Uilenburg, Rapenburg and Marken (the area now known as Niewmarkt) and became notorious for its poverty and filthiness in the seventeenth century after the wharves and light industry that originally sustained it moved to the newly reclaimed islands of Kattenburg, Wittenburg and Oostenburg. At that time, some wealthy Jews moved to the newly developed, but more remote (and therefore less desirable) areas around the "new" canal extensions (Nieuwe Prinsengracht, Nieuwe Keizersgracht and Nieuwe Herengracht), east of the old Jodenbreestraat. This is the area in which Mendes da Costa lived. In 1869, the discovery of diamonds in South Africa brought a sudden (and temporary) prosperity to the Jewish community that caused some Jews to create new enclaves in the Weesperzijde, the Swammerdambuurt, and in parts of the Pijp. It may be an additional indication of Mendes da Costa's social and financial station that he did not move with this latter group. 90. twenty-six Mendes da Costa, "Personal Reminiscences of Vincent van Gogh," in Stein, ed., pp. 43-44. 91. "forewarned" Mendes da Costa, "Personal Reminiscences of Vincent van Gogh," in Stein, ed., pp. 43-44. 92. "unusual behavior" Mendes da Costa, "Personal Reminiscences of Vincent van Gogh," in Stein, ed., pp. 43-44. 93. Jonas Daniel Meyer Square Mendes da Costa, "Personal Reminiscences of Vincent van Gogh," in Stein, ed., pp. 45: The Jonas Daniel Meyerplein was a landmark in the Amsterdam Jewish Quarter. 94. "reticent" Mendes da Costa, "Personal Reminiscences of Vincent van Gogh," in Stein, ed., pp. 43-44. 95. "His appearance" Mendes da Costa, "Personal Reminiscences of Vincent van Gogh," in Stein, ed., pp. 43-44. 96. "roughness" Mendes da Costa, "Personal Reminiscences of Vincent van Gogh," in Stein, ed., pp. 43-44. 97. red hair and freckles Mendes da Costa, "Personal Reminiscences of Vincent van Gogh," in Stein, ed., pp. 43-44. 98. "homely face" Mendes da Costa, "Personal Reminiscences of Vincent van Gogh," in Stein, ed., pp. 43-44. 99. "nervous hands" Mendes da Costa, "Personal Reminiscences of Vincent van Gogh," in Stein, ed., pp. 43-44. 100. "charming strangeness" Mendes da Costa, "Personal Reminiscences of Vincent van Gogh," in Stein, ed., pp. 43-44. 101. "a very remarkable person"BVG 112, 10/30/1877. Vincent eventually paid Mendes da Costa the highest compliment of all, telling Theo that his teacher sometimes reminded him of the central figure in a print called The Imitation of Jesus Christ by Ruyperez (JLB 127, 8/18/1877).

Context:
BVG 112, 10/30/1877: "… Mendes certainly is a very remarkable person, and I am and will remain grateful for my contact with him."
JLB 133, 10/30/1877: "… Mendes certainly is a very remarkable person, and I'm happy and grateful for my contact with him."

102. prints and flowers Mendes da Costa, "Personal Reminiscences of Vincent van Gogh," in Stein, ed., p. 45. 103. "because you are" Mendes da Costa, "Personal Reminiscences of Vincent van Gogh," in Stein, ed., p. 45. 104. blind brother Mendes da Costa, "Personal Reminiscences of Vincent van Gogh," in Stein, ed., p. 45. 105. retarded aunt Mendes da Costa, "Personal Reminiscences of Vincent van Gogh," in Stein, ed., p. 45: See Ch. 10, n. 88. 161 106. "In him there is neither" BVG 116, 12/9/1877: Exactly how Vincent meant this to be taken is unclear. Although Mendes da Costa later denied that Vincent had tried to convert him to Christianity, it is also true that at the time of this gift Vincent was working for a ministry in Amsterdam that had as its mission the conversion of Jews. The book he was inscribing was De Imitatione Christi, a Latin version of Imitation of Christ. The inscription is not directly from the Bible, but appears to be a blend of two verses (Colossians 3:11 and 1 Corinthians 12:6), both from the New Testament.

Context:
BVG 116, 12/9/1877: "Mendes gave me the works of Claudius, also a good, serious book; I had sent him Thomae Kempensis, De Imitatione Christi, and on the flyleaf I wrote: " In him there is neither Jew nor Greek, nor servant nor master, nor man nor woman, but Christ is all and in all."
JLB 137, 12/9/1877: "From Mendes I received the works of Claudius, also a good, solid book; I had sent him Thomae Kempensis de imitatione Christi and written in the front, There is neither Jew nor Greek in Him, neither bond nor free, neither male nor female: but Christ is all, and in all."

107. early encouragements BVG 103, 7/27/1877.

Context:
JLB 123, 7/27/1877: "Mendes has given me every reason to believe that at the end of three months we'll be as far as he imagined we would be if everything went well."

108. "Mendes" b2542 V/1982, "Gogh-Carbentus, Anna C. van" to "Gogh, Theo van", 7/17/1877: This rare nugget of positive news quickly made the rounds of family correspondence. Less than a month later, Lies wrote to Theo: "How wonderful for Pa and Ma that Vincent's teacher assured his suitability for this study. I hope so much that he will make it!" (b2550 V/1982, "Gogh, Elisabeth van" to "Gogh, Theo van", 8/12/1877.) 109. fanatic Mendes da Costa, "Personal Reminiscences of Vincent van Gogh," in Stein, ed., pp. 43-44. 110. "I still see him" Mendes da Costa, "Personal Reminiscences of Vincent van Gogh," in Stein, ed., p. 45. 111. "his head to the wind"Mendes da Costa, “Personal Reminiscences of Vincent van Gogh,” in Stein, ed., p. 45. The original Dutch, "het hoofd een weinig rechts-voorover" admits a variety of interpretations: from the strictly literal ("his head leaning a little to the right") to the more idiomatic or poetic one used in the text, which suggests a conscious effort to right himself or stay erect, rather than an oddity of posture. 112. "It does not come" BVG 97, 5/28/1877.

Context:
BVG 97, 5/28/1877: "The work does not come to me so easily and quickly as I could wish, but practice makes perfect, I hope; only if I could, I should like to skip a few years, my boy."
JLB 116, 5/28/1877: "The work and writing don't yet go as fast and easily as I'd wish, but I hope to learn by practice, but, old boy, if I could I'd like to skip over a few years …"

113. "one should get" BVG 95, 5/19/1877.

Context:
BVG 95, 5/19/1877: "There's a lot of work to do already and it isn't easy, but with steadfastness one should get used to it."
JLB 114, 5/19/1877: "I have a lot of work already, and it isn't easy, but meekness will help one to get used to it."

114. "practice makes perfect" BVG 97, 5/28/1877. (See Ch. 10, n. 112.)

Context:
BVG 97, 5/28/1877: "The work does not come to me so easily and quickly as I could wish, but practice makes perfect, I hope; only if I could, I should like to skip a few years, my boy."
JLB 116, 5/28/1877: "The work and writing don't yet go as fast and easily as I'd wish, but I hope to learn by practice, but, old boy, if I could I'd like to skip over a few years …"

115. "To persevere" BVG 98, 5/30/1877.

Context:
BVG 98, 5/30/1877: "My head is sometimes heavy and often it burns and my thoughts are confused -- I don't see how I shall ever get that difficult and extensive study into it -- to get used to and persevere in simple regular study after all those emotional years is not always easy."
JLB 117, 5/30/1877: "My head is sometimes numb and is often burning hot, and my thoughts are confused -- how shall I ever get all that difficult and detailed study into it? -- I don't know -- after those turbulent years, becoming accustomed to plain, well-ordered work and persevering in it isn't always easy."

116. language of obligation BVG 100, 6/4/1877-6/5/1877: In June, Vincent wrote in a mood somewhere between resignation and exasperation: "This evening I have to go to Uncle Stricker's" (JLB 119, 6/4/1877-6/5/1877). Groot and De Vries comment about the letters of this month: "the tone is considerably more enthusiastic when Vincent writes about the work of the artists he admires or about spots in Amsterdam than when he talks about his study" (Groot and De Vries, p. 25). One sign of this phenomenon is the way Vincent’s reports of his studies lost their engrossed detail. In the same month, June, he summarized his study of the history of the Reformation in a single sentence (ibid.). He then proceeded to devote an entire paragraph of genuine enthusiasm to the accomplishments of an engineer he had just met, a son of Reverend Jeremie Meyjes.

Context:
JLB 119, 6/4/1877-6/5/1877: "This evening I have to go to Uncle Stricker's."

117. Doubt began to cloudIn July, Vincent entertained a reverie of his future as a pastor. Tellingly, however, he couched it in the form of a question: "Will I later be working on such a morning on a sermon on ‘He maketh His sun to rise on the evil and on the good,’ [Matthew 5:45] or on ‘Awake thou that sleepest, and arise from the dead, and Christ shall give thee light’ [Ephesians 5:14] or on ‘It is a good thing to praise the Lord in the morning’ [Palms 92:3] and ‘It is a pleasant thing for the eyes to behold the sun’ [Ecclesiastes 11:7] -- I hope so." (JLB 7/27/1877.) 118. He prayed for BVG 92, 3/7/1877.

Context:
JLB 106, 3/8/1877: "Would you also ask for me that a way be found for me to devote my life, more so than is now the case, to the service of Him and the gospel? I continue to insist and I believe that I'll be heard, I say this in all humility."

119. "After a period" BVG 96, 5/21/1877-5/22/1877; emphasis added. Vincent reported going to a sermon on the uncomfortably apt subject. When that lightning struck, he anticipated, the "learn to work" would come to him, his work would improve and "become better and more substantial" (JLB 115, 5/21/1877-5/22/1877). He would become like his Uncle Stricker, who "has a great love for his work and his position" (JLB 125, 8/3/1877).

Context:
BVG 96, 5/21/1877-5/22/1877: "Yesterday morning, I went to church; in the sermon was the text: "I quarrel eternally with mankind," I heard an explanation that after a period of disappointment and pain, one gets to a time of life where our fervent desires and wishes are fulfilled at a stroke."
JLB 115, 5/21/1877-5/22/1877: "Yesterday morning I went to the early service and heard a sermon, 'I shall not always strive with man', how after a time of disappointment and grief in life a time may come when one's innermost desires and wishes may be fulfilled."

120. "Humanly speaking" BVG 92, 3/7/1877.

Context:
BVG 92, 3/7/1877: " Humanly speaking, one would say it cannot happen, but when I think seriously about it and penetrate under the surface of what is impossible to man, then my soul is in communion with God, for it is possible to Him, who speaks and it is done; who commands and it stands fast."
JLB 106, 3/8/1877: " One might say it isn't humanly possible, but if I think about it more seriously and delve beneath the surface of what is humanly impossible, then truly my soul waiteth upon God, for it is possible for Him who speaks, and it is done, who commands, and it stands, and it stands fast."

121. "small, still voice" BVG 99, 5/31/1877: This comes as part of a long exegesis Vincent wrote on the story of Elijah in 1 Kings 19. We believe that it was presented, as so many such perorations were, for the ostensible purpose of consoling Theo (who was considering quitting Goupil at the time), while also consoling Vincent himself, as his dreams of following in his father's footsteps began to seem more distant and impossible. Vincent was also not above the temptation to show off his knowledge of the Bible to his younger brother.

Context:
BVG 99, 5/31/1877: "And, behold, the Lord passed by, and a great and strong wind rent the mountains, and brake in pieces the rocks before the Lord; but the Lord was not in the wind: and after the wind an earthquake; but the Lord was not in the earthquake: and after the earthquake a fire; but the Lord was not in the fire: and after the fire a small still voice."
JLB 118, 5/31/1877: "And, behold, the Lord passed by, and a great and strong wind rent the mountains, and brake in pieces the rocks before the Lord; but the Lord was not in the wind: and after the wind an earthquake; but the Lord was not in the earthquake: and after the earthquake a fire; but the Lord was not in the fire: and after the fire a still small voice."

122. "What is impossible" BVG 92, 3/7/1877. (See Ch. 10, n. 120.)

Context:
BVG 92, 3/7/1877: "Humanly speaking, one would say it cannot happen, but when I think seriously about it and penetrate under the surface of what is impossible to man, then my soul is in communion with God, for it is possible to Him, who speaks and it is done; who commands and it stands fast."
JLB 106, 3/8/1877: "One might say it isn't humanly possible, but if I think about it more seriously and delve beneath the surface of what is humanly impossible, then truly my soul waiteth upon God, for it is possible for Him who speaks, and it is done, who commands, and it stands, and it stands fast."

123. increasingly irresistible BVG 105, 8/5/1877.

Context:
JLB 126, 8/5/1877: "… even now it isn't always easy to fight against distractions."

124. meandering excursions BVG 105, 8/5/1877.

Context:
JLB 126, 8/5/1877: "I like to walk in those old, narrow, rather sombre streets with chemists' shops, lithographers and other printers, shops with sea-charts and warehouses for ships' victuals and so on, ... everything is evocative there."

125. farther afield BVG 102, 7/15/1877. At this early point in his endeavor, Vincent made an attempt to give his extracurricular excursions into the Jewish Quarter and distant districts of Amsterdam the gloss of relevance to his studies. "It must certainly be a wonderful thing,” he wrote about one trip, “to be a minister in such a district" (JLB 122, 7/15/1877).

Context:
JLB 122, 7/15/1877: "Last week Mendes told me about a very interesting part of the city, namely the area extending from the Leidsepoort (thus close to Vondelpark) to the Hollandsche Spoor station. Went there yesterday, I knew part of it already, and you do too, I think, namely the part near the station. There are a great many mills, saw-mills, workers' houses with little gardens, old houses too, of all kinds, and very populous, and the area is criss-crossed by all kinds of small canals and waterways full of barges, and all kinds of picturesque bridges and so on."

126. Zeeburg Groot and De Vries, p. 23. 127. Jewish cemeteries BVG 96, 5/21/1877-5/22/1877. Vincent visited the Israeijelietische Begraafplaats on the Zeeburg dike, on his route to the Zuider Zee. He called it the "Jodenkerkhof" and described ity as “very simple, full of old tombstones standing upright with Hebrew inscriptions and elderberries here and there, and covered with long, dark grass” (JLB 115, 5/21/1877-5/22/1877). He also visited the Oosterbegraafplaats (East Cemetery) "outside the Muiderpoort" (JLB 120, 6/12/1877). Because this was a largely Jewish area, it, too, was probably a Jewish cemetery.

Context:
JLB 115, 5/21/1877-5/22/1877: "This takes one past the Jodenkerkhof, which I visited as well. It's very simple, full of old tombstones standing upright with Hebrew inscriptions and elderberries here and there, and covered with long, dark grass."

128. "farms and meadows" BVG 101, 6/12/1877. Note that we have inverted the original Bonger translation.

Context:
BVG 101, 6/12/1877: "I also walked to the Zuider Zee again; it is forty minutes from here, along a dyke from which one can see meadows and farms all around."
JLB 120, 6/12/1877: "Also took another walk to the Zuiderzee, which is forty minutes from here, over a dyke from which one sees meadows everywhere and farms."

129. books not on any reading listVincent’s reading wandered to the political-religious tracts of Félicité Robert de Lamennais, a radical defrocked priest (JLB 120, 6/12/1877), and even to the candied Victorian sentimentality of Craik's John Halifax, Gentleman, one the era's most popular novels (JLB 122, 7/15/1877). Vincent did not directly admit to re-reading Craik’s book at this time (he apparently read it originally in England, sometime before August 1876 [see JLB 88, 8/18/1876]). Indeed, he specifically denied doing so: "Are you reading something beautiful?” he asked Theo, underscoring that his concentration on his studies. “I’d like so much to start reading a great many books but may not. However, he could not resist adding: “If you can get hold of John Halifax do read it again, even though we read it with nostalgia, still, let us not say ‘that is not for me’, because it’s good to go on believing in everything that’s good and noble." (JLB 122, 7/15/1877.) Two months later, he invoked the same book again, this time with a vividness and immediacy that suggest strongly he had not been able to resist taking it up again in the interim: "Just like the figure of John Halifax [who] said he was a Christian, in front of a window with white curtains in a room in Rose Cottage, I think, on an evening like so many that are described with so much feeling in that book." (JLB 131, 9/18/1877.) 130. "I invent some errand" BVG 112, 10/30/1877.

Context:
BVG 112, 10/30/1877: "I cling to the church for aid and to the bookshops; I invent some errand to go there whenever possible."
JLB 133, 10/30/1877: "I also cling to the church and to the bookshops, if I can think of an errand to do there I do it."

131. "always remind me that" BVG 112, 10/30/1877. We have changed the BVG translation from past tense to the present tense.

Context:
BVG 112, 10/30/1877: "So often, in the past too, a visit to a bookshop has cheered me and reminded me that there are good things in the world."
JLB 133, 10/30/1877: "(So often, in the past as well, a visit to a bookshop has cheered me up and reminded me that there are good things in the world.)"

132. he complained to Theo Tralbaut, p. 55: According to Tralbaut: "The thirty long letters that he wrote to Theo between May 1877 and May 1878 show that despite his determination it was impossible for Vincent to keep his nose to the grindstone all the time." 133. "When that is finished" BVG 101, 6/12/1877: We have slightly altered Bonger's quote.

Context:
BVG 101, 6/12/1877: "I have studied through the Old Testament up to Samuel; tonight I begin with the Kings, and when that is finished it will be something worth while.” "
JLB 120, 6/12/1877: "I've worked my way through the history of the Old Testament up to Samuel, this evening I'll start with Kings, when that work is finished, it will be a valuable thing to have.” "

134. to Theo and to his parents Du Quesne-van Gogh, p. 21: According to sister Lies, their parents were dismayed that Vincent was taking so much time away from his studies to write. "The great number of letters he wrote home at this time caused his parents to shake their heads." And they would not have been aware of the great volume of letters he wrote to Theo at the same time. 135. two a dayDu Quesne-van Gogh, p. 21: Lies says only that "sometimes two [letters] would arrive the same day." It is possible, of course, that two letters that arrived on the same day were not mailed or written on the same day. 136. restive mind BVG 103, 7/27/1877. The best example is this "exchange" between Vincent's pious determination and his wandering thoughts: "Thus the time passes, and quickly too, already we're almost at the end of the week again. How are you, old chap? So very often, daily, do I think of you. God help us, struggling, to stay on top, it is good that you associate with good artists; I, too, still cling to the memory of many of them. ... Will I later be working on such a morning on a sermon [?] ... That evening you described there in the dunes must have been pleasant. In Uncle Cor's shop I recently saw The Gospels by [Alexandre] Bida, how beautiful it is, how wonderful it must be to be a Christian labourer like that, but it's impossible to put into words how beautiful it is." (JLB 123, 7/27/1877.) The significance of the fact that Vincent was often distracted from his studies by art and artists is taken up in the next chapter. 137. defensive vows BVG 105, 8/5/1877.

Context:
JLB 126, 8/5/1877: "… if I had money perhaps I'd quickly spend it on books and other things that I can well do without, and which would pull me away from the studies necessary at the moment, even now it isn't always easy to fight against distractions, and if I had money things would only get worse."

138. "meager satisfaction" BVG 108, 9/4/1877.

Context:
BVG 108, 9/4/1877: "I wish the days were longer so I could accomplish more, for it is not always easy work, and even continuous plodding gives but meager satisfaction."
JLB 129, 9/4/1877: "… and would even so much like the days to be a little longer in order to get more done, because it's not always easy work, and even if one has been at it for some time, it gives but little satisfaction …"

162 139. heat waveb2535 V/1982, "Gogh, Theodorus en Anna C. van" to "Gogh, Theo van", 6/11/1877. Dorus reported to Theo in June: "Today we could feel that it has been hot for 8 days." In early August, he wrote: "Weren't you hot too these past few days?" (b2548 V/1982, "Gogh, Theodorus van" to "Gogh, Theo van", 8/2/1877). 140. stinking boil Mak, p. 191. See also Coquiot’s description of Amsterdam’s canals in summer: "Eau sale, à forte odeur pourrissante, qui engendre des moustiques cruels" (Dirty water, with a strong, putrid odor, that spawns nasty mosquitoes) (Coquiot, p. 49). 141. "oppressive" BVG 103, 7/27/1877.

Context:
BVG 103, 7/27/1877: "But Greek lessons in the heart of Amsterdam, in the heart of the Jewish quarter, on a hot and stifling summer afternoon, with the feeling that many difficult examinations await you, arranged by very learned and shrewd professors -- I can tell you they can be more oppressive than the Brabant cornfields; which are lovely on a day like today! But as Uncle Jan says, we must always "push on."
JLB 123, 7/27/1877: "Still, Greek lessons in the heart of Amsterdam, in the heart of the Jewish quarter on a very warm and oppressive summer afternoon, with the feeling hanging over me that many difficult examinations will have to be taken, set by very learned and cunning professors, are rather more oppressive than a walk on the beach or in the Brabant wheatfields, which will certainly be beautiful now, on a day like that. But we must 'strive on' through everything, as Uncle Jan says."

142. "Greek lessons" BVG 103, 7/27/1877. (See Ch. 10, n. 141.)

Context:
BVG 103, 7/27/1877: "But Greek lessons in the heart of Amsterdam, in the heart of the Jewish quarter, on a hot and stifling summer afternoon, with the feeling that many difficult examinations await you, arranged by very learned and shrewd professors -- I can tell you they can be more oppressive than the Brabant cornfields; which are lovely on a day like today! But as Uncle Jan says, we must always "push on."
JLB 123, 7/27/1877: "Still, Greek lessons in the heart of Amsterdam, in the heart of the Jewish quarter on a very warm and oppressive summer afternoon, with the feeling hanging over me that many difficult examinations will have to be taken, set by very learned and cunning professors, are rather more oppressive than a walk on the beach or in the Brabant wheatfields, which will certainly be beautiful now, on a day like that. But we must 'strive on' through everything, as Uncle Jan says."

143. "continuous plodding" BVG 108, 9/4/1877.

Context:
BVG 108, 9/4/1877: "I wish the days were longer so I could accomplish more, for it is not always easy work, and even continuous plodding gives but meager satisfaction."
JLB 129, 9/4/1877: "… and would even so much like the days to be a little longer in order to get more done, because it's not always easy work, and even if one has been at it for some time, it gives but little satisfaction …"

144. "no results" BVG 108, 9/4/1877. "[I] would even so much like the days to be a little longer in order to get more done, because it's not always easy work, and even if one has been at it for some time, it gives but little satisfaction, enfin, what is difficult is good, I feel convinced of that even if one sees no results" (JLB 129, 9/4/1877). In the face of all resistance and despite his own growing doubts, Vincent continued to vow perseverance: "And yet -- I go on -- but with caution and in the hope that I'll succeed in warding off all these things, ... trusting that in spite of everything that seems to be against me I shall attain that thing that I desire" (JLB 117, 5/30/1877).

Context:
BVG 108, 9/4/1877: "Well, I am convinced that what is difficult is right, even though one sees no results."
JLB 129, 9/4/1877: "… what is difficult is good, I feel convinced of that even if one sees no results."

145. began to blame others BVG 98, 5/30/1877. Vincent identified a mysterious "they" who were watching and judging him relentlessly and who "will not utter any ordinary reproaches" (JLB 118, 5/31/1877). He says of his tormenters that "they have been tried and are well versed in what is good and proper … [They] will say it by the expression on their faces: we helped you and have been a light unto you -- we did for you what we could. Did you sincerely desire it? What are our wages and the fruits of our labours? You see." (ibid.) Only vague at first, these accusations laid the foundations for the towering, paranoid anger that would later possess Vincent: the counterweight to his paralyzing guilt. The quote cited in the text is laced with paranoia: "when I think of the eyes of so many that are fixed upon me," "in spite of everything that seems to be against me," "all the reproaches that threaten" (ibid.). Since paranoia is one of the signal symptoms of the mental disorder that afflicted him, temporal lobe epilepsy (see Chapter 39), this turn in Vincent's approach to his religious calling could be seen as evidence of the onset of his illness by this time. (See also Ch. 10, n. 153.) 146. "I do not like it" BVG 98, 5/30/1877.

Context:
BVG 98, 5/30/1877: "When I think of the past, -- when I think of the future of almost invincible difficulties, of much and difficult work, which I do not like, which I, or rather my evil self, would like to shirk …"
JLB 117, 5/30/1877: "When I think of the past -- when I think of the future, of nearly insurmountable difficulties, of much and difficult work which I have no passion for, which I -- the evil part of me, that is -- would prefer to avoid …"

147. "When I think" BVG 98, 5/30/1877: For clarity, we have added minor punctuation and internal quotation marks.

Context:
BVG 98, 5/30/1877: "When I think of the past, -- when I think of the future of almost invincible difficulties, of much and difficult work, which I do not like, which I, or rather my evil self, would like to shirk; when I think the eyes of so many are fixed on me, -- who will know where the fault is, if I do not succeed, who will not make me trivial reproaches, but as they are well tried and trained in everything that is right and virtuous and fine gold, they will say, as it were by the expression of their faces: we have helped you and have been a light unto you, -- we have done for you what we could, have you tried honestly? What is now our reward and the fruit of our labour?"
JLB 117, 5/30/1877: "When I think of the past -- when I think of the future, of nearly insurmountable difficulties, of much and difficult work which I have no passion for, which I -- the evil part of me, that is -- would prefer to avoid, when I think of the eyes of so many that are fixed upon me -- who, if I do not succeed, will know the reason why -- who will not utter any ordinary reproaches but who, because they have been tried and are well versed in what is good and proper and fine gold, as it were, will say it by the expression on their faces: we helped you and have been a light unto you -- we did for you what we could. Did you sincerely desire it? What are our wages and the fruits of our labours?"

148. "notwithstanding everything" BVG 98, 5/30/1877.

Context:
BVG 98, F5/30/1877: "And yet I go on, but prudently and hoping to have strength to resist those things, so that I shall know what to answer to those reproaches that threaten me, and believing that notwithstanding everything that seems against me, I yet shall reach the aim I am striving for, and if God wills it, shall find favour in the eyes of some I love and in the eyes of those that will come after me."
JLB 117, 5/30/1877: "And yet -- I go on -- but with caution and in the hope that I'll succeed in warding off all these things, so that I can somehow answer all the reproaches that threaten, trusting that in spite of everything that seems to be against me I shall attain that thing that I desire, and, God willing, shall find grace in the eyes of some whom I love, and in the eyes of those who shall come after me."

149. "so that I shall" BVG 98, 5/30/1877. (See Ch. 10, n. 148.)

Context:
BVG 98, 5/30/1877: "And yet I go on, but prudently and hoping to have strength to resist those things, so that I shall know what to answer to those reproaches that threaten me, and believing that notwithstanding everything that seems against me, I yet shall reach the aim I am striving for, and if God wills it, shall find favour in the eyes of some I love and in the eyes of those that will come after me."
JLB 117, 5/30/1877: "And yet -- I go on -- but with caution and in the hope that I'll succeed in warding off all these things, so that I can somehow answer all the reproaches that threaten, trusting that in spite of everything that seems to be against me I shall attain that thing that I desire, and, God willing, shall find grace in the eyes of some whom I love, and in the eyes of those who shall come after me."

150. first review by Uncle Stricker Mendes da Costa, "Personal Reminiscences of Vincent van Gogh," in Stein, ed., pp. 43-44: Dorus had arranged for Stricker and Mendes da Costa to assess and inform him of Vincent's progress every three months. In his reminiscence, Mendes da Costa does not recall the number or frequency of these reviews, but he does confirm their existence. "I no longer know ... the number of times I went to the Reverend Mr. Stricker to discuss the matter. In any event, each time it was decided once again that Vincent should give it another try."

The text’s every-three-month framework is suggested by Vincent's statement "Mendes has given me every reason to believe that at the end of three months we'll be as far as he imagined we would be if everything went well" (JLB 123, 7/27/1877). The timing of the three "reviews" that are recorded -- in mid-August, late October, and early February -- support the inference of this schedule. (The last one, which Dorus wanted to attend, was delayed because of his illness in January.) It is not clear who participated in these reviews. It appears that Stricker and Mendes da Costa convened specifically for them. Uncle Jan may have contributed either in person or by letter with Dorus. Dorus was always involved, but not always in person.
151. "did not seem" BVG 106, 8/18/1877. A recently-discovered letter to Tersteeg, which Vincent wrote on August 3 (a few weeks before his first review), sheds more light on his progress at this point: "my tutor, Mendes da Costa, said a few days ago when I asked him about it that we had progressed as far as he thought we would in this amount of time if I were suited for study" (Jansen, Luijten, and Bakker, p. 111). Given that Vincent tended to inflate his success to Tersteeg, this tepid assessment reinforces the impression created by the report to Theo: that Vincent's progress was only barely enough to support the decision to continue his studies. His summary comment to Tersteeg -- "I am not without hope" -- supports the same conclusion.

Context:
BVG 106, 8/18/1877: "It was Aunt Mina's birthday last Sunday, and being there that evening, Uncle Stricker asked me a few things about my work, and did not seem to be dissatisfied ... I feel that I have made some progress."
JLB 127, 8/18/1877: "Aunt Mina's birthday was last Sunday and, as I was there that evening, Uncle Stricker asked me a thing or two and didn't seem dissatisfied."

152. "I wish that" b2551 V/1982, "Gogh, Theodorus van" to "Gogh, Theo van", 8/16/1877. 153. "despondent moods"BVG 98, 5/30/1877. Vincent found a new name for the depression he felt: "wee-moed," a Dutch expression that combined the words for "suffering" and "courage." The Dutch word "weemoed" generally refers to extreme depression characterized by tearful sadness and irrational fears. Vincent hyphenated the term, apparently to underscore the separate definitions of the two constituent words: "wee" (suffering) and "moed" (courage). Note how this formulation transforms melancholy into bravery in exactly the same way that "sorrowful yet always rejoicing" transformed sadness into piety. Vincent himself made this connection: "I always think of the words 'as sorrowful, yet alway rejoicing.' Of woe-spiritedness" (JLB 114, 5/19/1877).

Context:
BVG 98, 5/30/1877: "And yet we are so much attached to the old life, because next to our despondent moods we have our happy moments when heart and soul rejoice, like the lark that cannot keep from singing in the morning, even though the soul sometimes sinks within us and is fearful."
JLB 117, 5/30/1877: "And yet we are so attached to that old life because there is cheerfulness to counter despondency, and our heart and our soul are gladdened, just as the lark who cannot help singing in the morning, even if our soul is sometimes cast down within us and is disquieted in us."

154. "The soul sometimes" BVG 98, 5/30/1877. (See Ch. 10, n. 153.)

Context:
BVG 98, 5/30/1877: "And yet we are so much attached to the old life, because next to our despondent moods we have our happy moments when heart and soul rejoice, like the lark that cannot keep from singing in the morning, even though the soul sometimes sinks within us and is fearful."
JLB 117, 5/30/1877: "And yet we are so attached to that old life because there is cheerfulness to counter despondency, and our heart and our soul are gladdened, just as the lark who cannot help singing in the morning, even if our soul is sometimes cast down within us and is disquieted in us."

155. "weariness" BVG 98, 5/30/1877.

Context:
BVG 98, 5/30/1877: "And yet I go on; if we are tired isn't it then because we have already walked a long way, and if it is true that man has his battle to fight on earth, is not then the feeling of weariness and the burning of the head a sign that we have been struggling?"
JLB 117, 5/30/1877: "And yet I go on, if we're tired, isn't it because we've already gone a long way, and if it's true that man's life on earth is a struggle, isn't feeling tired and having a burning head a sign that we have struggled?"

156. "My head is" BVG 98, 5/30/1877.

Context:
BVG 98, 5/30/1877: " My head is sometimes heavy and often it burns and my thoughts are confused -- and if it is true that man has his battle to fight on earth, is not then the feeling of weariness and the burning of the head a sign that we have been struggling?"
JLB 117, 5/30/1877: " My head is sometimes numb and is often burning hot, and my thoughts are confused -- and if it's true that man's life on earth is a struggle, isn't feeling tired and having a burning head a sign that we have struggled?"

157. first ominous signFor a discussion of the psychiatric literature about the age and symptoms of onset typical of temporal lobe epilepsy, see Chapter 39, “Starry Night.” 158. Rear Admiral"Johannes Van Gogh, Biographical Details": Rear Admiral was the lowest admiral rank, but there were less than half a dozen admirals in the Dutch navy at any one time. 159. long gray hair BVG 115, 12/4/1877.

Context:
JLB 136, 12/3/1877-12/4/1877: "Just now, too, the figure of Uncle Jan with his long grey hair …"

160. "an inordinate love" Du Quesne-van Gogh, p. 20. 161. "His public as well" Du Quesne-van Gogh, p. 20. 162. veteran of wars b3259 V/1962, "Gogh, Maria Johanna van", 1899. 163. five years Van Gogh, p. 33: According to the family chronicler, Dorus’s sister Mietje, Jan was in the East Indies for five years prior to his return in 1850. 164. unknown seas b3259 V/1962, "Gogh, Maria Johanna van", 1899: As a sailor, Jan van Gogh not only navigated unknown seas, he charted them. In 1840, as a "Lieut. ter Zee 2nd Class," Jan "participated in explorations documenting and charting the Riouw Strait [in the East Indies]." In 1848, he surveyed a chart of the Strait of Makassar (Indonesia). "That chart became very well known," writes Aunt Miejte, "and still is in use [after 1899]." 165. first steamshipsb3259 V/1962, "Gogh, Maria Johanna van", 1899. In 1843, Jan was posted to oversee the construction of the Vesuvius in Rotterdam. Because of problems with the engines, the ship did not leave for the East Indies until September 1845. Three months later, news arrived that the Vesuvius had burned at sea "with all hands." Subsequently the report was corrected: a French ship had sunk, not the Vesuvius. Van Crimpen confirms Mietje's story that Vesuvius was "the first Dutch ship to boast a steam engine" (Van Crimpen, in Van Spaandonk, Wildenberg, and Mulder-Koenen, p. 74). In the late 1850s, Jan commanded the Het Loo, another steamship that he took to the East Indies by the Cape route (b3259 V/1962, "Gogh, Maria Johanna van", 1899). 166. Now sixty "Johannes Van Gogh, Biographical Details": Jan turned sixty on August 19, 1877, three months after Vincent's arrival in Amsterdam. 163 167. dead-on navigator b3259 V/1962, "Gogh, Maria Johanna van", 1899: Aunt Mietje records a story that became part of family legend about Jan's prowess as a navigator. She quotes the accolade given to the Reverend Vincent van Gogh (Vincent's grandfather) by the captain of Jan's ship, the Nehelennia, upon its return to the main Dutch naval base at Hellevoetsluis in 1841after a long voyage: "Yes Rev. v[an] G[ogh], I have to tell you the following: so calm and brave was [Jan] that he contradicted me and maintained that his reckoning was correct. 'But,' I said, 'don't you see that lighthouse?' [to which Jan replied] 'Yes, Commander, but that must have been built since we left, my reckoning is correct.' And he was correct! He is a good seaman!" 168. "calm and brave" b3259 V/1962, "Gogh, Maria Johanna van", 1899. 169. his country"Johannes Van Gogh, Biographical Details":  Jan not only rose to the rank of Vice Admiral, he was awarded the "Militaire Willems Order," one of Holland's highest military honors. 170. distinguished career "Johannes Van Gogh, Biographical Details": Jan had one additional assignment after Amsterdam before his retirement in 1883. From 1880 to 1883, he served as Commandant of the Dutch Navy in the East Indies. 171. "only to please" Du Quesne-van Gogh, p. 20. 172. official outings BVG 104, 8/3/1877: In August, Vincent visited a training ship, the Wassenaar, with his uncle. The next month, he was on the same ship with his uncle when a boat exploded in the harbor (JLB 131, 9/18/1877).

Context:
JLB 125, 8/3/1877: "Was also with Uncle [Abraham] Pompe and Jan on the guard-ship the Wassenaar …"

173. family visits BVG 96, 5/21/1877-5/22/1877: In May, soon after Vincent's arrival, he and Uncle Jan went together to Baarn, about twenty miles from Amsterdam. Although no other family member is mentioned in Vincent's account, this was the town in which Uncle Cor would soon begin building a country house, so we assume Cor joined them. Vincent records a later trip with Uncle Jan to see Uncle Cor at his house in Amsterdam (JLB 141, 2/18/1878-2/19/1878). There were probably other visits like this.

Context:
JLB 115, 5/21/1877-5/22/1877: "Yesterday (Sunday) afternoon I went with Uncle Jan to Baarn, how beautiful it is there, we walked in the wood in the avenues of spruce and beech trees and saw the sun go down behind the oak copse."

174. ate separately Du Quesne-van Gogh, p. 20: Lies writes that "[t]he young man [i.e. Vincent] was served separately." Her description of the interaction between her uncle and Vincent seems to us one place where her recollections likely benefited from both personal experience and family sources. Despite this, Hulsker, Groot and De Vries, and others argue that Vincent shared meals with his uncle (Hulsker, p. 55, and Groot and De Vries, p. 41). They appear to base this entirely on a passage in a letter about a visit to the house by the naval minister. "This morning I saw the Minister of the Navy, Taalman Kip, who paid Uncle a visit and took coffee here" (JLB 132, 10/21/1877). However, there is no indication in this passage or elsewhere that Vincent ate with the visitor, only that they met. Later in Vincent's stay, when Jan met the Dutch king, Vincent was not invited. 175. noticed his nephew only Du Quesne-van Gogh, p. 20: According to Lies, Uncle Jan "took no further notice of [Vincent]." 176. "I cannot sit up" BVG 112, 10/30/1877.

Context:
JLB 133, 10/30/1877: "I'm no longer allowed to sit up late in the evenings, Uncle has very strictly forbidden it …"

177. "always sure of" "The Name Van Gogh." 178. "Push on" BVG 103, 7/27/1877.

Context:
BVG 103, 7/27/1877: "But as Uncle Jan says, we must always 'push on.'"
JLB 123, 7/27/1877: "But we must 'strive on' through everything, as Uncle Jan says."

164 179. to dine BVG 109, 9/7/1877.

Context:
JLB 130, 9/7/1877: "Now we also have plans to go to Uncle Stricker's (because I've been invited to eat there today and will simply risk it and take him along) …"

180. in his study BVG 104, 8/3/1877.

Context:
JLB 125, 8/3/1877: "I go to Uncle Stricker's study quite a lot. He's very clever and has lots of beautiful books, and he has a great love for his work and his position."

181. fine books BVG 104, 8/3/1877. (See Ch. 10, n. 180.)

Context:
JLB 125, 8/3/1877: "I go to Uncle Stricker's study quite a lot. He's very clever and has lots of beautiful books, and he has a great love for his work and his position."

182. portrait of Calvin BVG 97, 5/28/1877: However, Stricker's walls were too bare for Vincent. "I should have liked very much to see more prints on the wall," he wrote (JLB 116, 5/28/1877).

Context:
JLB 116, 5/28/1877: "This morning I was in Uncle Stricker's study, it's beautiful and he has a portrait of Calvin after Ary Scheffer hanging there, although I should have liked very much to see more prints on the wall."

183. sixty-year-old Stricker Kok, "Biographical Lexicon of the History of Dutch Protestantism," n.p.: Stricker was born on October 18, 1816. 184. witty Verkade-Bruining, pp. 19-21: Verkade-Bruining quotes Stricker's obituary published by the Maatschappij der Nederlandse Letterkunde (Netherlands Literary Society). 185. verses BVG 102, 7/15/1877. "After that I heard dear Uncle Stricker in the Oudezijdskapel on the words 'Beware of the leaven of the Pharisees and of the Sadducees.’" (JLB 122, 7/15/1877). The subject could have been Matthew 16:6, 16:11, or Mark 8:15 -- all relatively obscure. More banal than obscure, Luke 11:28 was another og the texts that Stricker chose for a sermon, according to Vincent: "Yea rather, blessed are they that hear the word of God, and keep it" (JLB 128, 8/27/1877). Four years later, when Vincent was angry that Stricker was impeding his suit of his daughter, Kee Vos, a note of disfavor crept into his characterization of Stricker's taste for obscure Biblical passages: "This summer I read a short work [by Stricker] just published on 'the minor prophets' and a couple of other relatively little-read books of the Bible" (JLB 189, 11/23/1881).

Context:
JLB 122, 7/15/1877: "After that I heard dear Uncle Stricker in the Oudezijdskapel on the words 'Beware of the leaven of the Pharisees and of the Sadducees …"

186. He once collected BVG 120, 3/3/1878: This is Vincent’s report of the odd project.

Context:
JLB 142, 3/3/1878: "… this morning when Uncle Stricker was looking for texts in which the word dung occurs, one of which is 'let it alone this year also, till I shall dig about it, and dung it'."

187. "new" theology Kok, "Biographical Lexicon of the History of Dutch Protestantism", n.p.: "Thus, S[tricker] considered it his calling to be a 'teacher of the people' and managed to popularize theological science. Together with his friend A. H. Blom, he was a collaborator on the Biblical Dictionary for the Christian Family; half of the articles about Old Testament people are by S[tricker]." Silverman points out that, starting in 1874, Stricker also served on the editorial board of Volksbibliotheek, a series of religious pamphlets on subjects such as " 'the new direction' and the 'modern' controversies in Reformed theology" (Silverman, p. 459). 188. conservative inclinations Kok, "Biographical Lexicon of the History of Dutch Protestantism", n.p.: "Within the congregation of Amsterdam, a large circle of moderately liberal people found in [Stricker], the liberal minister with conservative inclinations, the desired kindred spirit" (emphasis added). In the context of the times, the fact that Stricker (in his book Jesus of Nazareth, sketched according to history) insisted on the historical reality of the New Testament at a time when the most progressive thought dismissed that reality marked him as "conservative." (See Verkade-Bruining, p. 20.) 189. unreceptive audience Verkade-Bruining, p. 21: Vincent and his uncle rarely talked about religion, apparently, focusing instead on the increasingly awkward subject of Vincent's studies. It could not have helped that Stricker communicated frequently with, and visited, nVincent's parents and his Uncle Cent (b2538 V/1982, "Gogh, Theodorus van" to "Gogh, Theo van", 7/1/1877). Verkade-Bruining comments: "Curiously, there is not a single reference in Vincent's letters to the background of his Uncle [Stricker's] thinking and pastoral care, in spite of the many visits to the Stricker house they report and more particularly to Dr. Stricker's study, as well as the many sermons he had listened to" (Verkade-Bruining, p. 21). Verkade-Bruining proposes that "Vincent at twenty-five, stayed in his own religious emotional world with its very personal literary and pictorial associations and these were so strong that they greatly hampered his daily studies" (ibid.). We agree and therefore do not see any significance for Vincent’s art in Stricker's connection to the other members of the editorial board of Volksbibliotheek who "expounded a variant of Pierson's theology of art emphasizing the 'symbolic' or 'symbolistic' dimension of religious expression" (Silverman, p. 459). 190. Dorus had deposited with him BVG 105, 8/5/1877: The arrangement had the desired restraining effect on Vincent's expenditures. Contemplating a trip to The Hague to see Theo, Vincent rejected the idea "because I'd have to ask for travelling money from Uncle Stricker, who has some money of Pa's to be put at my disposal if necessary, and I hope to go on doing that as little as possible" (JLB 126, 8/5/1877). 191. the vacuum of sympathy and companionshipFor Vincent, the winter of 1877-78 was filled with sickness and death (JLB 135, 11/24/1877-11/25/1877). Uncle Hein, Cristoffel Vos, Caroline Haanebeek (van Stockum), and Uncle Cent were all sick. In late July, Cent was healthy enough to visit Amsterdam – but not, as far as is known, to visit his nephew Vincent (b2547 V/1982, "Gogh-Carbentus, Anna C. van" to "Gogh, Theo van", 8/1/1877). By the end of October, Cent had been sick and had started to improve again when Vincent wrote: "Fortunately things seem to be going better in Princenhage" (JLB 133, 10/30/1877). But a month later, he had taken another turn for the worse: "The news from Princenhage isn’t good either" (JLB 135, 11/24/1877-11/25/1877).

Despite his new "calling" to console, and despite being surrounded by opportunities to console, Vincent seemed incapable of consoling. Every attempt to reach out ended in failure. In July, the one-year-old daughter of H.G. Tersteeg died suddenly. Vincent wrote an inappropriately long, convoluted letter filled with biblical erudition (citing, inter alia, Elijah, King David, and Oliver Cromwell) and platitudes of condolence ("She is not dead, but sleepeth" [Luke 8:52]) (JLB 124, 8/3/1877). Most of the letter, which is not in BVG, is preoccupied with Vincent’s defense of himself against the charge that he had brought shame on his family. Vincent’s especially convoluted language appears designed to better hide the letter’s true, defensive (and self-consoling) intent: "All things will work together for good to them that love God, this has been his (namely my Father's) experience at least, and in everything that has befallen him and his children he has until now grown gradually stronger" (ibid.). The key phrase is "and his children." With this inconspicuous elaboration in an already complicated sentence, Vincent equated his troubles with the death of his stillborn brother and with Tersteeg's tragedy. All three represented God working in mysterious ways to deepen and strengthen faith. By this equivalence, Vincent transformed his tribulations into a "growing" experience not just for him but also for his father. Even Vincent seemed to realize the self-centricity of this response to Tersteeg's tragedy. "Do not think ill of me for writing to you as I have done," he apologized, "I felt the need to do it" (ibid.).

As JLB point out, Vincent even "called a witness" on his behalf: his tutor Mendes da Costa, "to supply corroborative testimony" (Jansen, Luijten, and Bakker, p. 107). The passage referred to comes at the end of the letter: "[I] have now been studying Latin and Greek for about 3 months and my tutor, Mendes da Costa, said a few days ago when I asked him about it that we had progressed as far as he thought we would in this amount of time if I were suited for study, so I am not without hope and I go on from day to day with good hope, with something of the faith of old" (JLB 124, 8/3/1877; emphasis in original).

In stark contrast to Vincent’s letter to Tersteeg, Dorus wrote a moving account of the death of a distant friend in September: "There on the salon floor lay the dying woman, who couldn’t even be lifted into a bed. Her death agony lasted for 72 hours – it took that long to undermine her strong constitution. Reverend Richard is deeply distressed and has suffered a tremendous loss. They don't have any children and she attended him in everything. He had become completely accustomed to his wife's sweet affection … All who surround him stand by him with the greatest love and compassion." (b2554 V/1982, "Gogh, Theodorus van" to "Gogh, Theo van", 9/4/1877.) The deceased, the wife of the Reverend Richard, had apparently died while visiting Uncle Cent's house in Prinsenhage. Mrs. Richard's death merits a brief mention in Vincent's letters, obviously in response to a similar account he received from his father: "You’ve no doubt heard about the death of Mrs Richard; it must have been a difficult night" (JLB 130, 9/7/1877).

One final note on Vincent’s letter to Tersteeg. The day before he wrote it, Vincent sent Tersteeg a copy of a book by L.L.F. Bungener, probably Bij het lijkje van mijn kind: drie dagen uit het leven van een vader (Keeping vigil over the body of my child: three days in the life of a father). In the letter that followed, he reported that his own father had found solace in the same book on the occasion of the death of his first son (Vincent's brother) in 1852. This is the first and only mention of the death of the "first Vincent" in the second Vincent's letters (Jansen, Luijten, and Bakker, p. 105).

In October 1877, Vincent’s old flame Caroline Haanebeek fell grievously ill (b2561 V/1982, ''Gogh, Theodorus van'' to ''Gogh, Theo van'', 10/6/1877). Vincent responded with the grand rhetoric of grief -- "Oh, how much sadness and sorrow and suffering there is in the world" -- but could not muster a single word of private sympathy. "In the midst of life we are in death,” he wrote to Theo, “those are words that apply to each of us personally, that is a truth we see reconfirmed in what you told me about Caroline van Stockum [her married name] ... It affected me, and I sincerely hope with all my heart that she’ll recover." (JLB 126, 8/5/1877.) Note how this sentiment substitutes words for feelings. Caroline's suffering did not touch Vincent; the phrase "in the midst of life we are in death" touched him. Vincent never admitted to being sad, only that death was sad. (For Vincent's amorous history with Caroline van Stockum-Haanebeek.)

In November 1877, Vincent's Uncle Hein, Dorus's brother, died in Brussels. He had been suffering terribly since the spring. "What an ordeal that is!" Dorus wrote Theo in April, "the situation is getting more and more sad" (b2522 V/1982, "Gogh, Theodorus van" to "Gogh, Theo van", 4/29/1877). Yet, as far as is recorded, Vincent never visited his sick uncle or wrote a word about his suffering. In late November, Hein’s condition took an abrupt and final turn for the worse and the other uncles rushed to Brussels (b2569 V/1982, "Gogh-Carbentus, Anna C. van" to "Gogh, Theo van", 11/21/1877). Dorus was the first to arrive, on November 18, rushing to his brother’s beside in response to a telegram from Hein's doctor informing him “the end is near" (ibid.). When he arrived, Hein was no longer conscious. "So dad sat by his side all night," Anna reported to Theo (ibid.). When Uncle Jan received word the next day, he telegraphed asking if he should come immediately. Dorus responded: "Condition unchanged. Don’t come yet. I’m here" (JLB 134, 11/19/1877). The reason, apparently, was that Hein's house could not accommodate more guests (b2569 V/1982, ''Gogh-Carbentus, Anna C. van'' to ''Gogh, Theo van'', 11/21/1877). Sometime the following week, Dorus wrote and wired both Jan and brother Cor in Amsterdam to come immediately (JLB 135, 11/24/1877-11/25/1877). The telegram came while Jan was away and Vincent went to find him, which he did: "I saw Uncle in Dam Square, waiting by a street-lamp for the omnibus. We then went into the Van Gend & Loos delivery service, or the Hollandsche Spoor, there in Dam Square, and read the letter." (ibid.) The next day, both uncles left for Brussels (ibid).

Hein died at four o’clock in the morning on November 26, 1877 (b2571 V/1982, ''Gogh, Theodorus van'' to ''Gogh, Theo van'', 11/27/1877-11/28/77]). Dorus reported his brother's final days to Theo: "For a moment it looked as if something was changing but finally he was released from his suffering ... The last couple of days he did not regain consciousness anymore. But on the last day, when I was with him, he recognized me and caressed my hand. He could not speak and gave clear signals that he understood my words." (ibid.) There is an echo of this report in Vincent's letter dated November 25: "There’s often a change in such a condition on the ninth day." (JLB 135, 11/24/1877-11/25/1877).

When word of Hein's death reached Vincent, he could express his feelings only with an image of grief: "You know that gnarled undergrowth and the trees there with their strange shapes, and there was a stormy sky with big clouds reflecting in the puddles on the ground" (JLB 135, 11/24/1877-11/25/1877). This elaborate word-painting with its central pair of figures, emblematic foreground elements, mood-driven sky and lighting effects, lacks only a formulaic caption such as: "The Missing Brother." Vicent’s vision of his two uncles walking through a picturesque wood was apparently based on something Uncle Cor had told him (JLB 135, 11/24/1877-11/25/1877: "Uncle Cor told me about a walk he took with Uncle Jan in the Bois de Cambre"). Cor returned to Amsterdam on or before November 25, before Hein's death, while Uncle Jan and Dorus stayed on. Upon news of the death on the 26th, Cor went back to Brussels on the same day Dorus left (November 28). During Cor's brief interval in Amsterdam, he must have told Vincent about this walk with Jan in a Brussels park while the brothers awaited Hein’s death.

In his emotional exile, Vincent seemed to lose all capacity for human connection. In July 1877, two children drowned in a canal near the naval dockyards. According to an article in the Illustrated Police News of July 28, 1877, the incident occurred on Wednesday afternoon, July 25 "in the water near the Kattenburg bridge" (quoted in Groot and De Vries, n.p.). In his letter about the accident, Vincent told a much more compelling story: "Uncle [Jan] saw it [i.e., the accident] and commandeered the sloop of the Makasser that is in dock here. A little boy was pulled out; I went along with two ship’s doctors whom Uncle had sent over, and the men carrying the boy into a chemist’s shop made every effort to resuscitate the child, but to no avail. In the meantime [the boy] was recognized by the father, who’s a stoker at the dockyard, and the little body was taken home in a woolen blanket. The search went on for an hour and a half, as it was thought that a girl had fallen in as well, though happily that seems not to be the case." (JLB 123, 7/27/1877.) Some of this conforms to The Illustrated Police News article: "Although [the boy] was still alive when he came out of the water, it seems he had suffered too much already, and he died, despite the most careful care, shortly afterwards" (quoted in Groot and De Vries, n.p.). But some of it does not conform. While Vincent suggests that the other child who fell into the canal somehow escaped, the article, written the day after Vincent's letter, comes to a grimmer conclusion: "It wasn't possible to save the other child. The little body hasn't been brought up yet." (ibid.) This indicates that the death of the other child was known or strongly suspected at the time of the initial accident, throwing doubt on Vincent's claims to have been present at the scene when the rescue was attempted -- or at least on his representation of the view of the rescuers about the fate of the missing child.

Vincent also claimed that he visited the grieving family to offer his comfort (JLB 123, 7/27/1877). He described the scene at the victims' house with all the heart-tugging details that he loved so much in novels: "The little body lay so still on a bed in a side room, he was such a sweet little boy. There was great sorrow; that child was the light of that house, as it were, and that light had now been put out." (ibid.) To keep this image in his head, however, Vincent had to leave the house because the mother's “coarse” and “undignified” weeping made it harder to preserve the “impression” of mourning (ibid.).

Vincent responded with similar detachment to the degradation and squalor of the Jewish Quarter, commenting only on how "nice" it was "to see activity beginning at that early hour" (JLB 127, 8/18/1877). Mak's description of the Jewish Quarter (Jodenbreestraat) could not be more different from Vincent’s image of picturesqueness: "a 'labyrinth of narrow, filthy streets with ancient houses which look as if they would collapse at a single kick against their walls,' as one traveller was later to describe it. All around, torn shirts, ripped trousers and mended skirts dangled from washing lines between the damp walls. Merchandise was laid out in front of the house doors: 'fragments of furniture, parts of weapons, devotional objects, scraps of uniforms, the remains of tools, and remnants of toys, old ironwork, broken earthenware, frills, rags, all sorts of things that do not have a name in any human tongue.' The area seemed to be one large oriental market in which everything happened openly on the street. 'Women bake fish in small ovens, girls cradle small infants, men mill around in their old things.' It was a 'Babel of filthiness,' our traveller found, and was so glad to leave the quarter that, having returned to one of the canals, he recorded his enjoyment of breathing in the 'invigorating tarry air' of Amsterdam."

Compare Mak’s dismal assessment of the Jewish Quarter to Vincent's prosaic description of the same area: "I walked through the Jewish quarter ... through all kinds of old streets with smithies and cooperages and so on, and through narrow alleys such as Niezel, and canals with old narrow bridges" (JLB 127, 8/18/1877). "I think of Degroux so often in the Jewish quarter: there are interiors there with woodcutters, carpenters, grocers’ shops, chemist’s shops, smithies and so on and so forth that would have delighted him" (JLB 129, 9/4/1877). Vincent's only detailed description of a specific sight in the Quarter reveals more about his personal iconography than it does about his sensitivity to the human suffering and degradation that surrounded him on these streets: "This morning I saw a large, dark wine cellar and warehouse standing open, a spectre momentarily appeared to me -- you know what -- men were running back and forth with lights in the dark vault" (ibid.). These are not the recollections of a man who has "communed" with this distinctive neighborhood, despite walking through it many times every week on his way to and from lessons with Mendes's.

Vincent's emotional alienation, and his increasing tendency to substitute comforting imagery for uncomfortable reality, can also be seen in his description of a newsworthy event that happened while he was in Amsterdam: "There was a fire here one evening on the water, namely a barge with arrack or something similar. [I] was with Uncle on the Wassenaar, there was no real danger as they’d managed to get the burning barge out from between the other boats and had tied it to a post. When the flames got up a bit one saw Buitenkant and the black row of people standing there watching, and the little boats going back and forth around the blaze also appeared black in the water in which the flames were reflected." (JLB 131, 9/18/1877.) An article in the Illustrated Police News of November 15, 1877, describes what must have been the same or a very similar event: "On Monday evening [November 12] at 9.30 p.m. a fierce blaze broke out on a covered barge, loaded with barrels of liquor, located in the Eastern dock near the Kalkmarkt; the fire department advanced with wagons and a few fire-hoses, but could not accomplish much because putting water on burning barrels with arrack would make those barrels explode and would make the fire grow worse. ... The fire could be seen from a great distance." (Quoted in Groot and De Vries, p. 60.) "Arrack" is a potent, rum-like drink that was brewed in the Dutch East Indies. The presence of this highly flammable substance greatly complicated efforts to extinguish the fire because "putting water on burning barrels with arrack would make those barrels explode and would make the fire grow worse" (ibid.). As even the newspaper article makes clear, the event was, as Vincent describes it, a spectacular sight, but it was a potentially calamitous catastrophe with huge risk to life and property and the efforts to prevent the fire from spreading were both frantic and dangerous. None of this made its way into Vincent's lovely description of flames reflected in the water.
192. "a very gifted man"BVG 102, 7/15/1877: Jeremie Meyjes, apparently, had not only an impressive bearing but also a gift for intimacy. We read this in Vincent's account of one of his first conversations with Meyjes. "[H]e told me about his work and the blessings he had apparently experienced" (JLB 129, 9/4/1877). This is a surprisingly intimate profession for such a new relationship between social unequals (on account of age).  Meyjes also manifested the burdens of his calling (Vincent describes him as "tired," with a "tired, pale face") in a way that, paradoxically, lifted Vincent's spirits: "To be tired in such a way from that work, that is a blessing" (JLB 122, 7/15/1877).

Context:
BVG 102, 7/15/1877: " He [the Reverend Jeremie Meyjes] is a very gifted man, and has great talent and great faith. I heard him in the West Church. I watched him leave the pulpit and pass through the church after the sermon; that tall, noble figure, that pale, tired face and the noble head, and the hair already mixed with grey, made a deep impression upon me. It seems to me a blessing to be tired from your work in that way."
JLB 122, 7/15/1877: " He's a very gifted man and has a pure talent and a great faith, heard him in the Westerkerk. Saw him coming from the pulpit and walking through the church after the sermon, and that tall, noble figure and that tired, pale face and that noble head, the hair already showing some grey, made a great impression on me. To be tired in such a way from that work, that is a blessing."

193. they talked about about England BVG 108, 9/4/1877: It is not clear from Vincent's account, although it appears to be a fair inference from Meyjes's curiosity that he too, had been to England.

Context:
JLB 129, 9/4/1877: "[Meyjes] asked a thing or two about London, about which I could tell quite a lot."

194. "workmen" BVG 108, 9/4/1877.

Context:
BVG 108, 9/4/1877: "Those who attended were workmen and their wives."
JLB 129, 9/4/1877: "… congregation was made up of workers and their wives …"

195. the preacher's family BVG 115, 12/4/1877. The eldest Meyjes son, Christiaan Bernard (whom Vincent does not name in his letters), was studying engineering at the Naval institute in Den Helder (JLB 136, 12/3/1877-12/4/1877). This was, apparently, the same son who had worked in the dockyards and helped to build the new Kattenburg bridge nearby (JLB 122, 7/15/1877). He was also the Meyjes son who visited Uncle Jan's house and invited Vincent to spend an evening with the Meyjes family in August (JLB 128, 8/27/1877). In late July or early August, Vincent took Meyjes and two of his sons on a tour of the dockyards (JLB 125, 8/3/1877). It is likely that Christiaan, the engineering student, was part of this group. Vincent wrote of Jeremie Meyjes wife, Jeanne, in terms that compared her to his own mother. When he visited the Meyjes home in November, he found Jeanne alone, "sitting at work in a small room like the back room at Etten" (JLB 135, 11/24/1877-11/25/1877). He went on to compare her explicitly to Mrs. Slade-Jones in Isleworth, an earlier mother surrogateVincent wrapped the whole Meyjes family in a conceit straight out of Karr and the parsonage garden in Zundert: "They're such nice people, ... they stood out from the others in the audience just like an old, moss-covered apple tree or a rosebush from the cemetery or an elm tree with crows' nests would stand out among all kinds of unnatural, exotic plants" (ibid.).

Context:
JLB 136, 12/3/1877-12/4/1877: "I've just returned from a visit to the Rev. Jeremie Meijjes, this time I found him at home but he had to go to the Church Council, so I only spoke to him briefly, also saw his wife and the two youngest children, and his wife read me part of a letter from their son who is at the institute in Den Helder."

196. "They are such" BVG 114, 11/25/1877.

Context:
BVG 114, 11/25/1877: " They are such nice people; I ran into them lately at a lecture ..."
JLB 135, 11/24/1877-11/25/1877: " They're such nice people, met them recently at a lecture ..."

197. first through neglect BVG 115, 12/4/1877: After returning from a failed attempt to visit with Reverend Meyjes in December (one of several, apparently), Vincent wrote: "This time I found him at home but he had to go to the Church Council, so I only spoke to him briefly" (JLB 136, 12/3/1877-12/4/1877). In this formal era, it is unlikely that Vincent would have visited the Meyjes house without prior arrangement. If he did make arrangements, then Meyes's quick departure represented either a scheduling mix-up or an impromptu escape. To "drop in" without making arrangements would have been considered an inappropriate (and probably unwelcome) familiarity. Interestingly, this abrupt departure follows an incident in November in which Vincent came to the Meyjes house and was told Meyjes was not there at all (JLB 135, 11/24/1877-11/25/1877).

Context:
JLB 136, 12/3/1877-12/4/1877: "I've just returned from a visit to the Rev. Jeremie Meijjes, this time I found him at home but he had to go to the Church Council, so I only spoke to him briefly."

198. outright avoidance BVG 114, 11/25/1877: In his account of this embarrassing incident, Vincent made it sound as if he had not arranged for the visit in advance, but such surprise visits were frowned upon. It is at least as likely that he arranged the visit but Meyjes chose not to be home to see him: a rebuff that Vincent's account might have been trying to disguise. The surmise that Vincent offered in explanation – that Meyjes had “gone at that very moment to visit someone else for the same reason" (ibid.) -- sounds defensive: an indication of his determination to reject the possibility that Meyjes was avoiding him. Three months later, Vincent was definitely rebuffed by another minister under similar circumstances. "[I] was just at the Rev. Gagnebin's," he wrote in February, "but was told he was too busy to receive me (and yet he'd stipulated this hour and this day)" (JLB 141, 2/18/1878-2/19/1878). What is indisputable is that, after Vincent "caught" the august Reverend at home in early December (see Ch. 10, n. 197) he never reported another visit or encounter with him or any of his family -- except in February 1878 when he visited the Meyjes home for the last time in the company of his father (JLB 140, 2/10/1878).

Context:
JLB 135, 11/24/1877-11/25/1877: "Paid a visit this week to the Rev. Jeremie Meijjes, went there when it was raining in the hope of finding him at home, yet he was out."

199. near the Westerkerk

Wylie, p. 7; n. 4: Wylie lists the Voses’ address as 158 Prinsengracht. The Voses moved to that address in October 1876. After her husband's death, Kee stayed there until March 1879, when she moved to the house at 168 Keizersgracht, where her parents had moved in the interim.  In February 1881, the Strickers moved once again to 8 Keizersgracht. It is at this house that Vincent’s drama involving Kee and the Strickers was played out in November 1881 (see Chapter 15).

200. Vincent often visited Wylie, pp. 3-7. Although Wylie deserves credit for recognizing that Vincent's relationship with his cousin Kee had a neglected first chapter in Amsterdam, we doubt the hypothesis that Vincent went to the Oudezijds Chapel because Kee went there (ibid.). Given the limitations of Christoffel's illness, it is much more likely that the Voses went to the nearby Westerkerk, where Kee's father also preached occasionally. Wylie's suggestion that Vincent did not accept Theo's invitation to come to The Hague on a Sunday in August (JLB 126, 8/5/1877) because he planned to meet with Kee (whom he did, in fact, visit that Sunday) strikes us as plausible, although we do not believe that his relationship with Kee had developed into an infatuation at this time (if it ever did), but rather a desire to be a part of her wounded family (ibid.). 201. thirty-one-year-old Atema, n.p.: Cornelia Adriana Stricker was born on March 21, 1846. She married Cristoffel Vos on April 18, 1872. 202. Christoffel Christoffel Marinus Vos was born on June 18, 1841 (and died in 1878 [JLB, "People Mentioned in the Correspondence"]). He was thirty-six during most of the time that Vincent knew him in Amsterdam. 203. abandon his career Wylie, pp. 4-5. Christoffel received his doctorate at the University of Utrecht in 1866 and served as a pastor until his illness forced him to retire "perhaps as early as 1873." Vincent called it "a great pity that he couldn't go on being a minister" (JLB 131, 9/18/1877). According to Wylie, Christoffel Vos wrote for the newspaper Algemeen Handelsblad, apparently as a way to earn money without having to leave the house (Wylie, pp. 4-5). 204. lung disease Wylie, citing Vos's obituary in Algemeen Handelsblad from October 29, 1878, p. 5; n. 3. 205. Jan Atema, n.p.: Johannes (Jan) Paulus Vos (apparently named after his maternal grandfather) was born on April 13, 1873 (and died in 1928). 206. "They love" BVG 110, 9/18/1877.

Context:
BVG 110, 9/18/1877: "I spent Monday evening with Vos and Kee; they love each other truly, and one can easily perceive that where love dwells, God commands his blessing."
JLB 131, 9/18/1877: "I spent Monday evening with Vos and Kee, they're fond of each other and one certainly notices that where Love lives the Lord commands His blessing."

207. "When one sees" BVG 110, 9/18/1877.

Context:
JLB 131, 9/18/1877: "When one sees them sitting there together in the evening by the kindly light of their lamp in the little living room and close by the bedroom of their little boy, who wakes from time to time and asks his mother for this or that, it's an idyll …"

208. Only two months Atema, n.p.: The Voses' younger son died on April 2, 1877. Wylie lists the death date as February 4, 1877 (Wylie, p. 4). 209. younger son Atema, n.p.: Catharinus Henri Vos was born on January 30, 1876 (and died in 1877. 210. "They have known" BVG 110, 9/18/1877.

Context:
BVG 110, 9/18/1877: "On the other hand, they have known days of anxiety and sleepless nights and fears and troubles, too."
JLB 131, 9/18/1877: "… but they also know dreadful days and sleepless nights, and fear and anxiety."

165 211. faded out After several visits in the fall, Vincent did not mention the Voses between December 9 (JLB 137, 12/9/1877) and March 3 of the following year, at which time he "went round" to see them (JLB 142, 3/3/1878). "It's such a sad sight," he reported ominously about Christoffel, "seeing him sitting with his feet on a stove, for he's troubled by cold feet, staring out the window with his hollow eyes. Kee is just as pale and looks so tired …" (ibid.). This was the last visit Vincent recorded while in Amsterdam. Christoffel Vos died seven months later, on October 27, 1878. 212. "It was a delightful" BVG 109, 9/7/1877.

Context:
BVG 109, 9/7/1877: " It was a delightful sensation to hear Gladwell's voice in the hall while I sat working in my room upstairs, and to see him enter a moment later, and to shake hands with him."
JLB 130, 9/7/1877: " It felt wonderful to hear Gladwell's voice in the hall as I sat upstairs studying and to see him a moment later and to shake his hand."

213. still working at Goupil BVG 90, 3/15/1877-3/31/1877. Vincent knew from the letters they had exchanged that since their last encounter (JLB 112, 4/22/1877-4/23/1877), Gladwell's religious ardor had alienated his merchant father, Henry Gladwell, threatening to undo the son’s legacy altogether: a "true agony" for the boy whom Vincent had once accused of turning homesickness into "idolatry" (JLB 58, 11/15/1875). Vincent's letters are circumspect about exactly the nature of Gladwell's crisis. After receiving a letter from Harry's father in March 1877, Vincent wrote Theo: "[Gladwell] must have endured much anguish, being very hard pressed to make him act as he did" (JLB 111, 4/15/1877). Subsequently, Vincent received a letter from Gladwell himself, which prompted him to write Theo even more ominously (but no more specifically): "[Gladwell] is in dangerous surroundings there -- the fowlers are many and clever" (JLB 122, 4/22/1877-4/23/1877). JLB note that the term “the fowlers” (de vogelvangers) is “used in the Bible as the name of the godless and for the evil threatening humankind. See Palms 91:3 and Rhyming Paslms 124:4.)” (JLB 112, 4/22/1877-4/23/1877; n. 22).

If we are correct, then Vincent clearly thought somebody -- almost certainly Harry’s father -- was trying to suppress Harry's religious spirit (abetted, no doubt, by the gentlemen of Goupil: "fowlers" all, in Vincent's estimation). Support for this line of speculation can be found in the uncertainty of Gladwell's return to his family for Christmas. As late as early December, it was still not clear that he would go home that year -- an indication that the paternal relationship remained unsettled from the crisis (JLB 136, 12/3/1877-12/4/1877). "I hope he’ll be able to go to Lewisham at Christmas," Vincent wrote on December 9. “[U]nder that roof, and its fire is in him still, it is not dead, but sleepeth …" (Matthews 9:24).

Context:
JLB 111, 4/15/1877: "A letter came at the same time from Mr. Gladwell, in which he wrote about Harry -- who must have endured much anguish, being very hard pressed to make him act as he did."
214. at Theo's request BVG 108, 9/4/1877. Gladwell had come to Holland on business to see Theo, not Vincent. His presence in Holland came as a complete surprise to the latter. Since their parting in London, the two had exchanged only one letter during Vincent’s stay in Dordrecht (JLB 112, 4/22/1877-4/23/1877). In fact, if Theo had not alerted Vincent to his friend's presence in The Hague, Harry might have come and gone without a word. Only after Vincent sent a note urging Theo "do your best to make him do it," did Harry extend his trip to Amsterdam to see his onetime friend (JLB 129, 9/4/1877). Vincent also sent a postcard. Neither the postcard nor the note to Gladwell has survived, but their contents no doubt were echoed in the letter that Vincent sent Theo when he heard that his old friend was in The Hague: "Oh, how I'd like him to come here ... How I'd like to show him around … I'm longing to see his brown eyes, which could sparkle so ... Yes, it wouldn't be bad if he were to come, and even stayed as long as possible, and I believe that we'd certainly feel that there was something genuinely sincere in our earlier friendship and that it was no small thing." (JLB 129, 9/4/1877.) This is classic Vincent sandbagging: hesframed the decision in such a way that if Gladwell does not accept the invitation to visit, he will be sending the message that he believes their former relationship was a "small thing" not "genuinely sincere." In the future, Vincent will use this coercive tactic often to maneuver Theo into a desired position. 215. visiting churches BVG 109, 9/7/1877: Vincent also took Harry on long walks: including one out to the edge of the sea at Zeeburg. In the morning, he woke Harry early "to see the people coming to the dockyard" (JLB 130, 9/7/1877). In a short visit, he rushed his friend through every corner of his life in Amsterdam (see Ch. 10, n. 216), obviously hoping for validation of that life. Thus, when Gladwell's rejected Vincent’s plea to follow him into the clergy, Vincent almost certainly took it as a sweeping repudiation of the life-choices he had made.

Context:
JLB 130, 9/7/1877: "Yesterday we took a nice walk through the main streets and past most of the churches."

216. meeting preachers BVG 109, 9/7/1877. Vincent took Gladwell to Uncle Stricker's for dinner. He also took him to meet his tutor Mendes da Costa and probably also the Reverend Meyjes, although there is no record of such a visit in the surviving letters (JLB 140, 2/10/1878). Vincent did mention taking Gladwell to meet his Uncle Cor, the bookdealer, but they found Cor "[was] out of town" (ibid.).

Context:
JLB 130, 9/7/1877: "Now we also have plans to go to Uncle Stricker's (because I've been invited to eat there today and will simply risk it and take him along) …"

217. soul-baring talks BVG 109, 9/7/1877: Vincent reported that he and Gladwell spent a lot of time together in the study.

Context:
JLB 130, 9/7/1877: "We also spent a lot of time in the little study [i.e. Vincent's room] and talked of things new and old. When he's sitting beside me I again feel the same feeling that drew me to him so often, as though he were a son of the same family and a brother in faith because he loves 'the man of sorrows and acquainted with grief.'"

218. shared Bible readings BVG 109, 9/7/1877. Vincent reported that they “read together the story of Elijah by the brook Cherith and at the widow's" (1 Kings 17:3ff). In addition, they exchanged reading favorite passages from books by secular authors, including "[Henri] Bungener, [Henri Alphonse] Esquiros, Lamennais, Souvestre, Lamartine (Cromwell)" (JLB 130, 9/7/1877).

Context:
JLB 130, 9/7/1877: "This morning we read together the story of Elijah by the brook Cherith and at the widow's -- because when we lived together in Montmartre we found that the barrel of meal did not waste and the cruse of water did not fail -- and yesterday evening the parable of the sower and others."

219. the sower BVG 109, 9/7/1877. This was the scripture Vincent chose to read the last night of Gladwell's stay. Vincent does not specify which version of the sower parable they shared, but it can be found in: Matthew 13:3-9, Mark 4:3-20, and Luke 8:5-15.

Context:
JLB 130, 9/7/1877: "This morning we read together the story of Elijah by the brook Cherith and at the widow's -- because when we lived together in Montmartre we found that the barrel of meal did not waste and the cruse of water did not fail -- and yesterday evening the parable of the sower and others."

220. "the love of Christ" BVG 109, 9/7/1877: Vincent couched his report of their conversation in general terms, but, given Vincent's personality, his mentor relationship with Gladwell, and his desperate need for validation at this point in his own life, he must have argued his points to Gladwell with extreme urgency. The reference to "riches" was undoubtedly a veiled criticism of Gladwell's decision to stay at Goupil – the opposite of Vincent’s choice. Six months after Gladwell's visit, Vincent was still trying to convince him to become a clergyman: "[I] wrote to Harry Gladwell again this week, since he didn't answer my last letter and I wanted so much to know what he's doing and what he's planning to do. I still have hopes of his becoming a minister, and if that happens he'll do it well, of that I'm convinced." (JLB 142, 3/3/1878.) The phrasing here suggests both that Vincent raised the issue when they were together ("I still have hopes") and that Gladwell had resisted and was still resisting Vincent's arguments. It is inconceivable that Vincent did not raise the issue Gladwell becoming a preacher (and raise it vociferously) during the latter’s visit in September 1877.

Context:
BVG 109, 9/7/1877: "We talked about many things, and the gist of it was: Many people, arriving at the moment in life when they must make a choice, have chosen for their part 'the love of Christ and poverty,' or rather, 'give me neither poverty or riches; feed me with food convenient for me.'"
JLB 130, 9/7/1877: "We talked about this and that, and what we said to each other is this: many, having come to a point in life where one must make a choice about life, have chosen for their part 'the love of Christ and poverty,' or rather 'give me neither poverty nor riches, feed me with bread convenient for me.'"

221. the nineteen-year-old Gladwell Gladwell was approaching his twentieth birthday on October 5, 1877. 222. Gladwell stopped answering BVG 120, 3/3/1878. Vincent inadvertently revealed why Gladwell stopped writing him when he complained about it toTheo: “[I] wrote to Harry Gladwell again this week, since he didn't answer my last letter and I wanted so much to know what he's doing and what he's planning to do. I still have hopes of his becoming a minister” (JLB 142, 3/3/1878). Gladwell's visit no doubt brought unwelcome reminders of Vincent's past failures. For all Vincent's claims of solidarity, Harry still worked at Goupil in Paris. Despite the dispute with his father, Gladwell had not renounced his legacy -- as Vincent had done. When Vincent summoned him to Kempian self-sacrifice, Harry equivocated: "Give me neither poverty nor riches" he responded, according to Vincent (JLB 130, 9/7/1877), "[but] feed me with bread convenient for me." This was the same argument Dorus had used to oppose Vincent's calling (b2498 V/1982, "Gogh, Theodorus en Anna C. van" to "Gogh, Theo van", 1/30/1877).

Gladwell’s response suggests that the two friends had a difference of opinion about the compatibility of piety and pelf. Despite their soulful readings and Vincent’s entreaties to devotion, it must have been clear even to Vincent that Harry, good son that he was, would eventually put aside his youthful ardor and accept the role of beloved successor to his father -- a future that Vincent had already lost once, and that even now was slipping away a second time. Gladwell did, indeed, go on to succeed his father as head of the family gallery in London.

Context:
JLB 142, 3/3/1878: "Wrote to Harry Gladwell again this week, since he didn't answer my last letter and I wanted so much to know what he's doing and what he's planning to do. I still have hopes of his becoming a minister."

223. he had disappeared altogetherBVG 120, 3/3/1878. Gladwell is last mentioned in Vincent’s letters in early March 1878 (JLB 142, 3/3/1878). It is inconceivable that Vincent encountered him subsequently and did not mention it to Theo. It is possible, however, but unlikely, that they connected while Vincent was living with Theo in Paris. 224. died in November JLB 136, 12/3/1877-12/4/1877; Ongoing topics. Dorus's brother Hein, who lived in Brussels, had been suffering terribly since the spring (b2522 V/1982, "Gogh, Theodorus van" to "Gogh, Theo van", 4/29/1877). "What an ordeal that is!" Dorus wrote Theo in April, "the situation is getting more and more sad" (ibid.). Yet, as far as is recorded, Vincent never visited him or wrote a word about his suffering (ibid.). In late November, his condition took an abrupt and final turn for the worse and the other uncles rushed to Brussels (b2569 V/1982, "Gogh-Carbentus, Anna C. van" to "Gogh, Theo van", 11/21/1877). Dorus was the first to arrive, on November 18, responding to a telegram from Hein's doctor informing him "that the end is near" (ibid.). When he arrived, his brother was unconscious, "so dad sat by his side all night," Anna reported to Theo (b2569 V/1982, ''Gogh-Carbentus, Anna C. van'' to ''Gogh, Theo van'', 11/21/1877). When Uncle Jan received word the next day, he telegraphed asking if he should come immediately, but Dorus responded (according to Vincent), "Condition unchanged, don't come yet I'm here" (JLB 134, 11/19/1877). (The reason, apparently, was that Hein's house could not accommodate more guests [b2569 V/1982, ''Gogh-Carbentus, Anna C. van'' to ''Gogh, Theo van'', 11/21/1877].)

Sometime the following week, Dorus wrote and wired both Jan and Cor in Amsterdam to come immediately (JLB 135, 11/24/1877-11/25/1877). The letter came while Jan was out and Vincent went to find him. "I saw Uncle in Dam Square, waiting by a street-lamp for the omnibus. We then went into the Van Gend & Loos delivery service, or the Hollandsche Spoor, there in Dam Square, and read the letter" (ibid.). The next day, both uncles left for Brussels (ibid). Hein died at four o'clock in the morning on November 26 (b2570 V/1982, ''Gogh-Carbentus, Anna C. van'' to ''Gogh, Theo van'', 11/27/1877; but not completed or mailed until 11/28/77). Dorus reported his brother's final days to Theo: "For a moment it looked as if something was changing but finally he was released from his suffering ... The last couple of days he did not regain consciousness anymore. But on the last day, when I was with him, he recognized me and caressed my hand. He could not speak and gave clear signals that he understood my words." (b2571 V/1982, ''Gogh, Theodorus van'' to ''Gogh, Theo van'', 11/27/1877.) There is an echo of this report in Vincent's letter from late November: "There's often a change in such a condition on the ninth day; Uncle Jan wanted to wait that out and will probably stay till Monday" (JLB 135, 11/24/1877-11/25/1877).

225. image of grief BVG 114, 11/25/1877. The elaborate image or word painting that Vincent substitutes for grief is based on his vision of the uncles walking through a picturesque wood, not at the funeral but in a shared private moment of fraternal grief. It is based, apparently, on something he had heard from his Uncle Cor: "Uncle Cor told me about a walk he took with Uncle Jan in the Bois de Cambre" (JLB 135, 11/24/1877-11/25/1877). Cor returned to Amsterdam on or before November 25, before Hein's death, while Uncle Jan and Dorus stayed on. Upon news of the death on the 26th, Cor went back to Brussels on the same day Dorus left (November 28). During Cor's brief interval in Amsterdam, he told Vincent about this walk with Jan in a Brussels park while they awaited their brother's death. Vincent spun this story into a fully-worked-out word painting, with figures in the foreground, emblematic foreground elements, mood-driven sky and lighting effects: "the Bois de Cambre. You know that gnarled undergrowth and the trees there with their strange shapes, and there was a stormy sky with big clouds reflecting in the puddles on the ground." (ibid.)

Context:
JLB 135, 11/24/1877-11/25/1877: "Uncle Cor told me about a walk he took with Uncle Jan in the Bois de Cambre. You know that gnarled undergrowth and the trees there with their strange shapes, and there was a stormy sky with big clouds reflecting in the puddles on the ground."

226. not the thing itself In his emotional exile, Vincent seemed to lose all capacity for human connection. In response to the degradation and squalor of the Jewish Quarter, he could only comment how "interesting" it was "to watch the start of a new day's work there" (JLB 127, 8/18/1877). Mak's description of the Jewish Quarter (Jodenbreestraat) could not be more different to the picturesque image Vincent suggests: "a 'labyrinth of narrow, filthy streets with ancient houses which look as if they would collapse at a single kick against their walls,' as one traveller was later to describe it. All around, torn shirts, ripped trousers and mended skirts dangled from washing lines between the damp walls. Merchandise was laid out in front of the house doors: 'fragments of furniture, parts of weapons, devotional objects, scraps of uniforms, the remains of tools, and remnants of toys, old ironwork, broken earthenware, frills, rags, all sorts of things that do not have a name in any human tongue.' The area seemed to be one large oriental market in which everything happened openly on the street. 'Women bake fish in small ovens, girls cradle small infants, men mill around in their old things.' It was a 'Babel of filthiness,' our traveller found, and was so glad to leave the quarter that, having returned to one of the canals, he recorded his enjoyment of breathing in the 'invigorating tarry air' of Amsterdam." (Mak, p. 160.) Compare this to Vincent's prosaic descriptions of the same area: "I walked through the Jewish quarter and on Buitenkant, Oude Teertuinen, Zeedijk, Warmoesstraat and past the Oudezijdskapel and the Oude and Zuiderkerk, through all kinds of old streets with smithies and cooperages and so on, and through narrow alleys such as Niezel, and canals with old narrow bridges" (JLB 127, 9/18/1877). "I think of Degroux so often in the Jewish quarter and also in other places; there are interiors there with woodcutters, carpenters, grocers' shops, chemist's shops, smithies and so on and so forth that would have delighted him" (JLB 129, 9/4/1877).

Vincent's only detailed description of a specific sight in the Quarter reveals more about his personal iconography than it does about his sensitivity to the human suffering and degradation that surrounded him on these streets: "For example, this morning I saw a large, dark wine cellar and warehouse standing open, a spectre momentarily appeared to me -- you know what -- men were running back and forth with lights in the dark vault" (ibid.). These are not the recollections of a man who has "communed" with this distinctive neighborhood, despite walking through it many times every week on his way to and from lessons with Mendes da Costa's. Vincent's emotional alienation, and his increasing tendency to substitute comforting imagery for uncomfortable reality, can also be seen in his description of a newsworthy event that happened while he was in Amsterdam: "There was a fire here one evening on the water, namely a barge with arrack or something similar. Was with Uncle on the Wassenaar, there was no real danger as they'd managed to get the burning barge out from between the other boats and had tied it to a post. When the flames got up a bit one saw Buitenkant and the black row of people standing there watching, and the little boats going back and forth around the blaze also appeared black in the water in which the flames were reflected …" (JLB 131, 9/18/1877).

An article in the Illustrated Police News of November 15, 1877, describes what must have been the same or a very similar event (although the dating of Vincent's letter puts the incident two months earlier): "On Monday evening [November 12] at 9.30 p.m. a fierce blaze broke out on a covered barge, loaded with barrels of liquor, located in the Eastern dock near the Kalkmarkt; the fire department advanced with wagons and a few fire-hoses, but could not accomplish much because putting water on burning barrels with arrack would make those barrels explode and would make the fire grow worse. ... The fire could be seen from a great distance." (Quoted in Groot and De Vries, p. 60.) "Arrack" is a potent, rum-like drink that was brewed in the Dutch East Indies. The presence of this highly flammable substance greatly complicated efforts to extinguish the fire because "putting water on burning barrels with arrack would make those barrels explode and would make the fire grow worse" (ibid.). As even the newspaper article makes clear, the event was, as Vincent describes it, a spectacular sight, but it was a potentially calamitous catastrophe with huge risk to life and property and the efforts to prevent the fire from spreading were both frantic and dangerous. None of this makes its way into Vincent's lovely description of flames reflected in the water.

227. "The sky was stormy" BVG 114, 11/25/1877. See Ch. 10, n. 421.

Context:
BVG 114, 11/25/1877: "Uncle Cor told me about the walk he took with Uncle Jan in the Bois de Cambre -- you know its gnarled brushwood and trees with their weird forms; the sky was stormy, with big clouds reflected in the pools on the ground."
JLB 135, 11/24/1877-11/25/1877: "Uncle Cor told me about a walk he took with Uncle Jan in the Bois de Cambre. You know that gnarled undergrowth and the trees there with their strange shapes, and there was a stormy sky with big clouds reflecting in the puddles on the ground."

228. drowned in a canal Groot and De Vries, p. 37: According to an article in the Illustrated Police News of July 28, 1877, the incident occurred on Wednesday afternoon, July 25 "in the water near the Kattenburg bridge." In his letter about the accident, Vincent tells a much more compelling story: "Uncle [Jan] saw it [i.e., the accident] and ordered out a boat from the Makassar which was tied at the dock. They dragged the little boy out. Two ship's doctors whom Uncle sent for and I accompanied the men who carried the little boy to the drugstore; every effort was made to revive the child, but in vain. Meanwhile, the father, who is stoker at the yard, recognized the little body, and they carried it home in a blanket. They continued searching for an hour and a half, thinking the little girl had also been drowned, but fortunately that seems not to have been the case." Some of this conforms to The Illustrated Police News article: "although [the boy] was still alive when he came out of the water, it seems he had suffered too much already, and he died, despite the most careful care, shortly afterwards." But some of it does not conform. While Vincent suggests that the other child who fell into the canal somehow escaped, the article, written the day after Vincent's letter, takes a grimmer view. "It wasn't possible to save the other child. The little body hasn't been brought up yet." This suggests that the death of the other child was known or strongly suspected at the time of the initial accident, throwing doubt on Vincent's claims to have been present at the scene when the rescue was attempted -- or at least on his representation of the view of the rescuers about the fate of the missing child. 229. visited the grieving family BVG 103, 7/27/1877. Vincent's account is short on details such as how he found his way to the house of a worker whom he clearly did not know personally. One can imagine that he used his uncle's connections, since the children's father worked as a "stoker" (for the forges, presumably) in the dockyards his uncle commanded. According to Vincent, Uncle Jan saw the accident (or, more likely, the rescue effort) and "commandeered the sloop of the Makasser that is in dock here" (JLB 123, 7/27/1877). The boat carried Vincent and "two ship's doctors." According to the Illustrated Police News article on the accident, the initial rescue effort was carried out by "two sailors from the guard ship [who] immediately got in the water and dove for the drowning people" (quoted in Groot and De Vries, p. 37).

Context:
JLB 123, 7/27/1877: "In the evening I went back to see the people, it was then already dark in the house, the little body lay so still on a bed in a side room, he was such a sweet little boy."

230. "The little body" BVG 103, 7/27/1877: Again, it is not clear where or how Vincent ascertained these details about the family in the circumstances he describes. While it is possible that he "interviewed" family members in some detail, it is equally possible that he projected onto the situation details that he considered sentimentally enhancing. There may also be some autobiographical wishfulness in his description of the dead boy as "the light of that house" (JLB 123, 7/27/1877).

Context:
BVG 103, 7/27/1877: "That evening when I went to see those people once more, it was already dark in the house; the little body was lying so still on a bed in the little parlour -- he was such a pretty little boy. The sorrow was great; he had been the light of the house, as it were, and the light had now been extinguished."
JLB 123, 7/27/1877: "In the evening I went back to see the people, it was then already dark in the house, the little body lay so still on a bed in a side room, he was such a sweet little boy. There was great sorrow, that child was the light of that house, as it were, and that light had now been put out."

231. "crude and undignified" BVG 103, 7/27/1877: We have slightly altered the translation.

Context:
BVG 103, 7/27/1877: "Though rough people express their sorrow crudely and without dignity, like this mother, one still feels deeply in a house of mourning, and the spell remained with me the whole evening, while I took a long walk."
JLB 123, 7/27/1877: "Even though coarse people express their grief in a coarse way and without dignity, as the mother did, among others, still, one feels a great deal in such a house of mourning, and the impression stayed with me the whole evening when I took a walk."

232. "spell" BVG 103, 7/27/1877.

Context:
BVG 103, 7/27/1877: "Though rough people express their sorrow crudely and without dignity, like this mother, one still feels deeply in a house of mourning, and the spell remained with me the whole evening, while I took a long walk."
JLB 123, 7/27/1877: "Even though coarse people express their grief in a coarse way and without dignity, as the mother did, among others, still, one feels a great deal in such a house of mourning, and the impression stayed with me the whole evening when I took a walk."

233. loneliness forced BVG 85, 2/7/1877-2/8/1877. BVG 85, 2/7/1877-2/8/1877. For a while, Vincent tried to console himself that loneliness was the price he paid for devotion; that he could find all the comfort he needed in Christ, who "can make the loneliness disappear which we sometimes feel so much even in the bustle" (JLB 102, 2/7/1877-2/8/1877). This appears to be a sentiment directly from Vincent's heart, not from the Bible. (The word "loneliness" does not appear in the King James Bible.) But not even Kempis could explain Vincent’s apparent inability to give comfort, as detailed in the text. This was, after all, the purpose for his endless exertions in academe. Vincent seems to have recognized this critical failure even as he struggled to overcome it. In his condolence letter to Tersteeg, he quoted from 1 John 4:8: "He that loveth not knoweth not God; for God is Love" (JLB 124, 8/3/1877). After the ecstatic role-playing of the trip to Zundert, the cloistered life of a student seemed to Vincent like an endless distraction from his ultimate goal, as he described it to his tutor da Costa when his studies continued to flag: "Mendes, do you really think such horrors are necessary for someone who wants what I want: to give poor creatures a peacefulness in their existence on earth?" (Mendes da Costa, “Personal Reminiscences of Vincent van Gogh,” in Stein, ed., pp. 43-44.) It was a point that Mendes da Costa found hard to refute. "[A]s his teacher [I] could not possibly agree, but in the depth of my soul [I] found that he ... was entirely right. I defended myself as staunchly as possible; but it was futile." (ibid.) 234. walking his uncle's dogs BVG 101, 6/12/1877.

Context:
JLB 120, 6/12/1877: "… in the evenings I always walk up and down there with the dog, often thinking of that [Longfellow] poem 'Under the stars'."

235. smell of tar BVG 96, 5/21/1877-5/22/1877.

Context:
JLB 115, 5/21/1877-5/22/1877: "You can imagine how beautiful it is in the evening, around the time we came home yesterday, for example, at the wharf and the dockyard and the shore of the IJ, and there's such a glorious smell of tar in the air that reminds one of pine-woods."

236. "the pine woods" BVG 96, 5/21/1877-5/22/1877. (See Ch. 10, n. 235.)

Context:
BVG 96, 5/21/1877-5/22/1877: "You can imagine how beautiful the wharf and the docks and the banks of the Ij are in the evening; for instance, yesterday when we came home, there was such a delightful smell of tar, it reminded me of the pine woods."
JLB 115, 5/21/187 -5/22/1877: "You can imagine how beautiful it is in the evening, around the time we came home yesterday, for example, at the wharf and the dockyard and the shore of the IJ, and there's such a glorious smell of tar in the air that reminds one of pine-woods."

237. "I see it all" BVG 96, 5/21/1877-5/22/1877.

Context:
BVG 96, 5/21/1877-5/22/1877: "When I do, I see it all again before me: all that past time can be of help in my present work."
JLB 115, 5/21/1877-5/22/1877: "…whenever I do that I see it all before me again, all things from that past can also work together for good …"

238. "I have loved" BVG 101, 6/12/1877. Vincent’s nostalgic “love” began with the cities of London and Paris, but eventually extended it to embrace every place in his past: "Yesterday at the Strickers' I had to tell them about London and Paris ... I'm fond of much there, and that, ah, I've experienced that everywhere I've been" (JLB 115, 5/21/1877-5/22/1877).

Context:
BVG 101, 6/12/1877: " I have loved so many things in these cities; I often recall them with tender melancholy, and I almost wish to go back there with you."
JLB 120, 6/12/1877: " I've loved so much about those two cities, I think back on them with a feeling of nostalgia, and I'd almost like to go with you …"

239. a lost Eden BVG 96, 5/21/1877-5/22/1877. (See Ch. 10, n. 238.)

Context:
JLB 115, 5/21/1877-5/22/1877: "I'm fond of much there [Paris and London], and that, ah, I've experienced that everywhere I've been."

240. "I shall never" BVG 96, 5/21/1877-5/22/1877.

Context:
BVG 96, 5/21/1877-5/22/1877: "I love so many things over there, and oh! it was so wherever I lived; how I feel it when I walk through the streets of The Hague or in Zundert, for instance -- I shall never forget that last visit there."
JLB 115, 5/21/1877-5/22/1877: "… I'm fond of much there, and that, ah, I've experienced that everywhere I've been, I also feel that when I walk the streets of The Hague or Zundert, for example, I shan't easily forget that last journey there."

241. "I often recall them" BVG 101, 6/12/1877.

Context:
BVG 101, 6/12/1877: "But we must calmly wait and see how things turn out. I have loved so many things in these cities; I often recall them with tender melancholy, and I almost wish to go back there with you."
JLB 120, 6/12/1877: "But we have to wait and see what happens. I've loved so much about those two cities, I think back on them with a feeling of nostalgia, and I'd almost like to go with you …"

242. Even The Hague BVG 96, 5/21/1877-5/22/1877. (See Ch. 10, n. 240.)

Context:
JLB 115, 5/21/1877-5/22/1877: "I'm fond of much there [Paris and London], and that, ah, I've experienced that everywhere I've been, I also feel that when I walk the streets of The Hague or Zundert, for example."

243. carefree youth BVG 105, 8/5/1877. Vincent wrote rhapsodically about his time in The Hague: "How much has changed ... with how it was a few years ago. It was many years ago when we were together. And that was the time of The landlady's daughter." (JLB 126, 8/5/1877.) Vincent was referring both to an eponymous poem by Ludwig Uhland (which Vincent copied into a poetry album for Theo [see Pabst, p. 34]), and to a print of the same name by Bouguereau, a copy of which Vincent sent to Theo in 1874 (JLB 26, 7/21/1874; needs BVG cite). Both poem and print take as their theme alluring, available young women. Vincent may be using these literary and artistic images as code to refer specifically to a daughter of the Rooses (in whose house Vincent boarded in The Hague, and where, at the time this letter was written, Theo boarded). One of the Roos daughters may have been an object of early amorous/erotic attention for both Van Gogh brothers during their respective stays at the Rooses'. Mentions of Bouguereau almost always signaled thoughts of sexually available young women and any allusion to Uhland invoked their shared adolescence in general. The reference may also be to Vincent's earlier amorous attraction to Caroline Haanebeek (see Ch. 5, n. 207). 244. rainy days BVG 93, 4/22/1877.

Context:
JLB 112, 4/22/1877-4/23/1877: "It's raining here today and one could imagine oneself in London."

245. patch of ivy BVG 95, 5/19/1877. A similar reverie came over him when he saw some winter-blooming flowers common in London: "How beautiful the winter chrysanthemums in London will be in the little gardens, and they bloom there the whole winter long" (JLB 132, 10/21/1877).

Context:
JLB 114, 5/19/1877: "I walked along all kinds of narrow little streets with gardens full of ivy. It was somehow similar to Ramsgate."

246. medieval street BVG 102, 7/15/1877:

Context:
JLB 122, 7/15/1877: "[T]hat Oudezijdskapel is in a very narrow street, Zeedijk, near the part of Buitenkant called 'the old tar-yards' and near Warmoesstraat. It's a very nice part of town and reminds one of the heart of London, like Booksellers' Row or some such place."

247. books BVG 100, 6/4/1877-6/5/1877. This includes books about England as well as books in English. Vincent mentions both Alphonse Lamartine's Cromwell and Henri Alphonse Esquiros's L'Angleterre et la vie anglaise (England and the English Life), although as of October 21, 1877, he had not yet read the latter (JLB 132, 10/21/1877). Earlier that year, Vincent had sent Theo a book by Esquiros, probably La Neerlande et al vie hollandaise (The Netherlands and the Dutch Life) (JLB 118, 5/31/1877). Books like these “made a deep impression on me,” he wrote: "The places spoken about [in the Lamartine book]: Hampton Court with its avenues of lime trees full of rookeries, Whitehall overgrown with ivy on the back, and the inner courtyard bordering on St James's Park where one can see Westminster Abbey &c., I see it all before me, and the weather and the sombre tone covering it all. (That's what keeps me from sleeping!)" (JLB 119, 6/4/1877-6/5/1877.)

Context:
JLB 119, 6/4/1877-6/5/1877: "I had read that book by Lamartine in London and it had made a deep impression on me, and did so again this time, especially those last few pages."

248. magazines BVG 84, 1/21/1877. One purpose of seeking out both English-language books and magazines (such as Katholieke Illustratie) was to keep up his English. "Having been in England and France for so long,” he wrote, “it wouldn't be right if I didn't gradually master the languages more thoroughly and at least keep them up, it is written: polish it ceaselessly and polish it again, and also, Work, take pains" (JLB 127, 8/18/1877).

Context:
JLB 101, 1/21/1877: "If you can afford it -- if I can, I'll do it too -- subscribe to this year's Katholieke Illustratie, which has Doré's prints of London -- the wharves on the Thames, Westminster, Whitechapel, the Underground railway &c. &c."

249. frequented places BVG 101, 6/12/1877.

Context:
JLB 120, 6/12/1877: "Recently went to the Trippenhuis [gallery] ... There were a lot of foreigners at the time, French and English, hearing them speak revives a lot of memories in me."

250. English Church BVG 118, 2/10/1878. The seventeenth-century church, also called the Begijnhof Chapel, still stands in the fourteenth-century enclosed courtyard after which it was named, the Begijnhof. (Although none of the original courtyard survives, it still contains the city's oldest surviving house, Het Houten Huis from 1420.) The original church building on the site was the chapel of a Catholic lay sisterhood, the "begijntjes." The tower is all that remains of the medieval church. Vincent first mentioned the English Church in October 1877 (JLB 132, 10/21/1877). Another visit was mentioned in late November (JLB 135, 11/24/1877-11/25/1877). In March 1878, he referred to a conversation with the pastor of the English Church, William Macfarlane, suggesting there were other visits (JLB 142, 3/3/1878).

Context:
JLB 140, 2/10/1878: "Was in the English church this morning and met Wierda upon leaving the church, who had been there too."

251. "In the evening" BVG 114, 11/25/1877.

Context:
BVG 114, 11/25/1877: "Tomorrow morning I shall go to the little English church I told you about. In the evening it lies so peacefully in that quiet Beguinage, between the hawthorn hedges; it seems to say, "In loco isto dabo pacem," which means, In this place I will give peace, saith the Lord."
JLB 135, 11/24/1877-11/25/1877: "Tomorrow morning I'll go to the little English church you know, it lies there so peacefully in the evening in that quiet Begijnhof between the thorn-hedges, and seems to be saying 'In loco este dabo pacem', that is 'in this place will I give peace', saith the Lord."

252. other outsidersThe English Reformed Church of Amsterdam was then (and still is) part of the Church of Scotland. Since 1607, when a group in Amsterdam petitioned to establish an “English-speaking church,” the church’s minister has always been English or Scottish. Although the majority of the congregation were English or Scottish, non-native English speakers, like Vincent, worshipped there as well. Today, people from over 300 nationalities attend services at the church. (“English Reformed Church.”) 253. "I love that" BVG 111, 10/21/1877.

Context:
BVG 111, 10/21/1877: " I love that little church, and probably many a person there has memories of things and places which are known to me, also."
JLB 132, 10/21/1877: " I'm very fond of that little church, and many a person there probably recalls things and places that aren't unfamiliar to me either."

166 254. recast Gladwell's rebuffGladwell's visit to Amsterdam brought the embers of Vincent's ardor briefly back to flame. Once again, Vincent imagined a future that both resembled his father’s life and earned his father’s respect. He renewed his hope for divine intervention -- "He can raise a person above that which is his nature" (JLB 131, 9/18/1877) -- and professed fresh dedication to the task ahead: "It’s becoming clear to me what I actually have to know, what they know and what inspires those whom I should like to follow" (ibid.). In a spasm of ambition, he renewed his vow to learn the Bible "well and thoroughly" (JLB 130, 9/7/1877) and threw himself into the hopeless task of reading a Latin version of Kempis's Imitatio Christi, which Christoffel Vos had given him some time before Gladwell's visit (JLB 130, 9/7/1877). Vincent’s Latin tutor, Mendes da Costa, made it clear that reading Kempis's original Latin was well beyond Vincent’s capability, but Vincent was determined. "Needless to say,” Mendes recalled, “fanatic as he was at that time, he immediately started applying that little knowledge of Latin to reading Thomas à Kempis in the original" (Mendes da Costa, “Personal Reminiscences of Vincent van Gogh,” in Stein, ed., pp. 43-44).

Interestingly, as of Gladwell's departure, Vincent only admitted to Theo an ambition to read Kempis in the original, not to having tried to do so: "I recently bought very cheaply, The imitation by T. a Kempis in Latin, which I got from Vos and which I hope to be able to read in Latin some day" (JLB 130, 9/7/1877). Immediately after Gladwell’s departure, Vincent wrote a series of letters as choked with fervor as any from Paris or England (JLB 130, 9/7/1877 and JLB 131, 9/18/1877). The same desperate, slightly scrambled fervor survived into letters JLB 132, 10/21/1877 and JLB 133, 10/30/1877, both of which were written in October. Vincent prayed that the spirit and teachings of Christ "[may] constrain us in life and that nothing separate us from it, nor things present, nor things to come" (JLB 130, 9/7/1877).
255. "Oh, boy, how glorious" BVG 110, 9/18/1877. We have combined elements from both translations.

Context:
JLB 131, 9/18/1877: "Old boy, how wonderful it must be to have a life behind one like Pa has, God grant that we be and that we may become more and more sons after His spirit and heart …"

256. based on Homer's Odyssey BVG 104, 8/3/1877. Les aventures de Télémaque (The Adventures of Telemachus) by Félix Fénélon. Telemachus is Ulysses' son.

Context:
JLB 125, 8/3/1877: "Could it be that which Fénelon describes as follows in his Télémaque?"

257. cast himself BVG 104, 8/3/1877. Vincent enters the inner world of Fénélon's characters through a rumination on his Uncle Cent.  But Fénelon's description of Ulysses undoubtedly resonated deeply with Vincent's image of himself: "a stranger, who had an air of majesty, and yet something that was sad and downcast; at times he appeared dreamy, at others he had something that was either very determined or excited and agitated" (JLB 125, 8/3/1877). It is also likely that Vincent identified to some extent with Fénélon's Telemachus, the son on a quest of his own, desperately seeking a reunion with his lost father (ibid.).

Context:
JLB 125, 8/3/1877: "Every time I see Uncle Vincent I'm moved by something indescribably kind and, I might say, something good and spirited in him, I don't know what it is ... Could it be that which Fénelon describes as follows in his Télémaque?"

258. "like a deep well" BVG 104, 8/3/1877.

Context:
BVG 104, 8/3/1877: "Ulysses your father is the wisest of all men; his heart is like a deep well -- one cannot fathom its secrets."
JLB 125, 8/3/1877: "Ulysses, your father, is the wisest of all men; his heart is like a deep well, its secret could not be drawn from it."

259. "seeing again" BVG 104, 8/3/1877.

Context: BVG 104, 8/3/1877: "He is going straight to Ithaca; already he is quite near the port, and at last he again sees the place so fervently longed for."
JLB 125, 8/3/1877: "He is sailing straight to Ithaca, he is already very close to port, and at last he sees again those places so long yearned for."

260. review in late October BVG 112, 10/30/1877.

Context:
JLB 133, 10/30/1877: "I had a long talk with him and Aunt, because Mendes had paid them a visit a couple of days ago (one shouldn't utter the word genius lightly, even if one believes that there is more of it in the world than many people think, but Mendes certainly is a very remarkable person, and I'm happy and grateful for my contact with him) and hadn't given them a bad report, fortunately, but Uncle asked me if it wasn't difficult, and I admitted that it was very difficult and that I was doing my best to bear up and to be alert in all kinds of ways."

261. mastering Greek Mendes da Costa, "Personal Reminiscences of Vincent van Gogh," in Stein, ed., pp. 43-44: According to Mendes da Costa, the Greek verbs, in particular, were "too much for [Vincent]." 262. "No matter how" Mendes da Costa, "Personal Reminiscences of Vincent van Gogh," in Stein, ed., pp. 43-44. 263. "long talk" BVG 112, 10/30/1877.

Context:
BVG 112, 10/30/1877: "From there I went to Uncle Stricker's and had a long talk with him and Aunt, for Mendes had been to see them a few days ago (one must not talk too lightly about genius, even though one believes there is more of it in the world than many suppose, but Mendes certainly is a very remarkable person, and I am and will remain grateful for my contact with him)."
JLB 133, 10/30/1877: "I had a long talk with him and Aunt, because Mendes had paid them a visit a couple of days ago (one shouldn't utter the word genius lightly, even if one believes that there is more of it in the world than many people think, but Mendes certainly is a very remarkable person, and I'm happy and grateful for my contact with him) ..."

264. "very difficult" BVG 112, 10/30/1877.

Context:
BVG 112, 10/30/1877: "I am glad to say [Mendes da Costa] did not make an unfavourable report about me, but Uncle asked me if I did not find it very difficult, and I acknowledged that I did indeed, and that I tried my best, in every possible way, to remain strong and keep myself alert in all possible ways."
JLB 133, 10/30/1877: "… [Mendes da Costa] hadn't given them a bad report, fortunately, but Uncle asked me if it wasn't difficult, and I admitted that it was very difficult and that I was doing my best to bear up and to be alert in all kinds of ways."

265. "in every possible way" BVG 112, 10/30/1877. (See Ch. 10, n. 264.)

Context:
BVG 112, 10/30/1877: "I am glad to say he did not make an unfavourable report about me, but Uncle asked me if I did not find it very difficult, and I acknowledged that I did indeed, and that I tried my best, in every possible way, to remain strong and keep myself alert in all possible ways."
JLB 133, 10/30/1877: "… and hadn't given them a bad report, fortunately, but Uncle asked me if it wasn't difficult, and I admitted that it was very difficult and that I was doing my best to bear up and to be alert in all kinds of ways."

266. Moved once again BVG 112, 10/30/1877. We infer this from Vincent's note that, after Vincent protested his earnest effort, Stricker "gave me encouragement" (JLB 133, 10/30/1877). Also from Anna's sympathetic comment to Theo in November, after the review: "[Vincent] is studying like a good boy, but it's not getting any easier" (b2569 V/1982, "Gogh-Carbentus, Anna C. van" to "Gogh, Theo van", 11/21/1877). According to Mendes da Costa's account, Vincent's only problem was with Greek (Mendes da Costa, “Personal Reminiscences of Vincent van Gogh,” in Stein, ed., pp. 43-44). However, Vincent's letters and his parents' letters suggest that the problem was more pervasive; i.e., it extended to subjects other than Greek and to parts of his life other than his studies. This apparent inconsistency may be explained by the fact that Mendes da Costa only knew of Vincent's performance in Latin and Greek. Stricker would have directly supervised his other studies. 267. he "should" Mendes da Costa, "Personal Reminiscences of Vincent van Gogh," in Stein, ed., pp. 43-44. 268. "It is a race" BVG 114, 11/25/1877.

Context:
BVG 114, 11/25/1877: "Now I am studying, though it may cost a little more effort, it must be done well, and I will try to do it the way I see others who take their work seriously do; it is a race and a fight for my life -- no more, no less."
JLB 135, 11/24/1877-11/25/1877: "I'm studying now, and even if it costs a bit more it must be good, and I want to endeavour to do it as I see others who take it seriously doing it -- it is a course and fight for my life -- neither more nor less" (emphasis in original).

269. "the worst time" BVG 132, 8/1/1879-8/15/1879. Vincent applies the assessment "the worst time" to the whole of his time in Amsterdam, not specifically to the months between his second and third review (JLB 154, 8/11/1879-8/14/1879). But it is reasonable to conclude that not until the possibility of failure became real and palpable did the tension between expectation and reality become truly painful. It should be pointed out that this assessment, in 1879, comes before many later episodes that Vincent no doubt would have considered far worse than the events of late 1877 and early 1878.

Context:
BVG 132, 8/1/1879-8/15/1879: "It was the worst time I have ever lived through."
JLB 154, 8/11/1879-8/14/1879: "It was the worst time I've ever gone through."

270. all night BVG 112, 10/30/1877.

Context:
JLB 133, 10/30/1877: "I make sure that a small gaslight goes on burning the whole night, and lie looking at it often in medio noctis, thinking about my plan for work the following day and considering how to go about that studying as well as possible."

271. turning the gas BVG 112, 10/30/1877.

Context:
JLB 133, 10/30/1877: "I make sure that a small gaslight goes on burning the whole night ..."

272. send him money Kraus, p. 11: Theo sent stamps, which Vincent then converted into coins for the collection plates. "I often have to use my cunning to get money for the collection at church," he wrote, "for example by exchanging stamps for cents at a tobacconist's" (JLB 125, 8/3/1877). 273. "the wisdom I need" BVG 112, 10/30/1877.

Context:
BVG 112, 10/30/1877: "I often pray fervently to Him for the wisdom I need."
JLB 133, 10/30/1877: "I so often pray fervently to Him for the wisdom I'm in need of …"

274. "When I am weak" BVG 116, 12/9/1877. Other, similar expressions of Vincent’s determination to persevere are "one matures in the storm" (he quotes the original French: "On grandit dans la tempête"); "I never despair" (see Ch. 10, n. 277); he compares himself to "an iron pillar or an old oak tree”; and cites a favorite passage from the Bible: "sorrowful, yet alway rejoicing" (JLB 133, 10/30/1877). Indeed, the ideal of quiet, stoic suffering that all these aphorisms invoke is the ultimate one of Christ, a connection that Vincent's self-consolation does not miss: "It's also good to love thorns, such as the thorn-hedges around the little English church or the roses in the cemetery, they're so beautiful these days, yes, if one could make oneself a crown of the thorns of life, not for the people but with which one is seen by God, then one would do well" (ibid.).

Context:
BVG 116, 12/9/1877: "Uncle Cor gave me the Bossuet's Oraisons Funèbres in a very pretty and handy edition, very complete; the beautiful sermon about Paul on the text, 'When I am weak, then I am strong,' is included."
JLB 137, 12/9/1877: "From Uncle Cor I received Bossuet, Oraisons funèbres, in a very good and handy edition, very complete, it includes, among other things, the fine sermon about Paul on the text 'for when I am weak, then am I strong'."

275. "Set your face" BVG 112, 10/30/1877.

Context:
BVG 112, 10/30/1877: "And then 'set your face as a flint' is a good precept in many circumstances, and also 'as a pillar of iron or as an old oak tree.'"
JLB 133, 10/30/1877: "And then 'Set your face as a flint' are really good words in many circumstances, and also 'be like an iron pillar or like an old oak tree.'"

276. "What cannot be cured" BVG 112, 10/30/1877.

Context:
BVG 112, 10/30/1877: " What cannot be cured must be endured, and one must use the weapons within one's reach and the means at one's disposal to make the most of one's powers and gain advantage."
JLB 133, 10/30/1877: "And one must make do with what one has and fight with such weapons as are within one's reach, and use the means at one's disposal to make the most of it and gain from it."

277. "I never despair" BVG 116, 12/9/1877. Interestingly, this is the way Vincent translates the phrase "Enfin il vainquit" from a biographical article about the French painter Édouard Frère. The literal translation is "He finally conquers" -- ironically, a far less despairing interpretation than Vincent's.

Context:
BVG 116, 12/9/1877: "'Enfin il vainquit' says his biography; so it may be with us sometime -- it may happen, and one should say, 'I never despair.'"
JLB 137, 12/9/1877: "'At last, he triumphed' it says in his biography, may it be so with us one day -- that can happen and it is good to say: I never despair."

278. again and again BVG 112, 10/30/1877.

Context:
JLB 133, 10/30/1877: "And so we can be leavened with the leaven of 'sorrowful, yet always rejoicing', being what we are through God's grace, having in the secret recesses of the heart the words 'I never despair' because we have faith in God."

279. "indescribable sad" Mendes da Costa, "Personal Reminiscences of Vincent van Gogh," in Stein, ed., p. 45. 280. "sorrow and misery" BVG 98, 5/30/1877. Vincent made this difficult confession indirectly: in response to a similar confession from Theo. "There were some words in your letter that touched me, 'I should really like to get away from everything, I'm the cause of everything and only make others sad, I alone have caused all this misery to myself and others.' Those were words that touched me -- because that same feeling, exactly the same, nothing more and nothing less, is also on my conscience."

Context:
BVG 98, 5/30/1877: "There was a sentence in your letter that struck me, "I wish I were far away from everything, I am the cause of all, and bring only sorrow to everybody, I alone have brought all this misery on myself and others."
JLB 117, 5/30/1877: "There were some words in your letter that touched me, 'I should really like to get away from everything, I'm the cause of everything and only make others sad, I alone have caused all this misery to myself and others.'"

281. fall from Goupil BVG 103, 7/27/1877. Elsewhere, Vincent appears to embrace Uncle Cent once again -- an indirect admission of the error of Vincent's behavior toward him in the past. "Every time I see Uncle Vincent I'm moved by something indescribably kind and, I might say, something good and spirited in him" (JLB 125, 8/3/1877).

Context:
JLB 123, 7/27/1877: "God help us, struggling, to stay on top, it is good that you associate with good artists; I, too, still cling to the memory of many of them."

167 282. "If I had only" BVG 98, 5/30/1877.

Context:
BVG 98, 5/30/1877: " If I had only given all my strength to it before, yes, I should have been further now, -- but even now He will be a strong support, and it is in His power to make our lives bearable, to keep us from evil, to let all things contribute towards a good end, to make our end peaceful."
JLB 117, 5/30/1877: " If only I had worked at it sooner with all my might, yes, it would be better for me now -- but even now He will be a mighty help, and it is in His power to make our life bearable, to keep us from evil, to let all things work together for good, to make the end of us peace."

283. stretched their meager budgetb0959 V/1962, "Gogh, Theodorus van" to "Gogh, Theo van", 5/7/1877: Dorus complained about making ends meet: "It is not at all clear yet how we will do all this. The teacher must have F 1.50 per lesson with one lesson per day, that makes F[lorins] 9 per week." It is not clear if Vincent actually took one lesson a day or, as a cost-cutting measure, Dorus arranged for lessons only three days a week. 284. lessons b2564 V/1982, "Gogh, Theodorus van" to "Gogh, Theo van", 11/1/1877: Dorus asked Theo to collect some money owed him (for what is not clear) and told him, "part of the money will go toward the expenses entailed by Vincent's lessons, at least for the moment." 285. board See Ch. 9, n. 359. 286. "Money does not" b2551 V/1982, "Gogh, Theodorus van" to "Gogh, Theo van", 8/16/1877: The Van Gogh family budget was particularly tight that fall because of a "huge bill" presented by Theo's doctor (Dr. Coster) for treating Theo after his injury the previous winter (1876). Theo asked Dorus for help with the bill, which Dorus could not provide. "I wish I could help you," he responded, "but I cannot. Not paying the stocks decreased our income, and alas, so much is needed. I had to send Anna money too. I really had to consult myself, and no matter how much I would love to, at this moment I cannot do it." (b2541 V/1982, "Gogh, Theodorus van" to "Gogh, Theo van", 7/17/1877.) 287. placed his silver watch Du Quesne-van Gogh, p. 21: In our opinion, this story is too bizarre for Lies to have invented it. In her account, the watch, which had Vincent's "monogram and name" engraved on it, was recognized and returned to Uncle Jan's house. 288. "When I think" BVG 98, 5/30/1877.

Context:
BVG 98, 5/30/1877: "See! When I think of all this, and of so many other things like it, too numerous to name them all, of all the difficulties and cares that do not grow less when we advance in life, of sorrow, of disappointment, of the fear of failure, of disgrace, -- then I also have the longing -- I wish I were far away from everything!"
JLB 117, 5/30/1877: "You see, when I think of all that and of so much else, all manner of things -- too many to mention, of all the troubles and worries which do not become less as one progresses through life, of suffering, of disappointment, of the danger of failing to a scandalous extent, then that desire is no stranger to me either -- I would really like to get away from everything!"

289. " let me complete one" BVG 112, 10/30/1877. Vincent's original Dutch, compounded by Bonger's translation, buries this cri de coeur in deep convolutions of rhetoric: "I so often pray fervently to Him for the wisdom I'm in need of, and that He may one day grant that I write and deliver many sermons, the more like our Father's the better, and to complete a Work in my life."

Context:
BVG 112, 10/30/1877: "I often pray fervently to Him for the wisdom I need. And then that He may once grant that I write and preach many sermons -- the more, the better -- resembling our father's, and finish a work in my life, with every day bringing some improvement."
JLB 133, 10/30/1877: "I so often pray fervently to Him for the wisdom I'm in need of, and that He may one day grant that I write and deliver many sermons, the more like our Father's the better, and to complete a Work in my life to which end all things work together for good."

290. "There is much" BVG 98, 5/30/1877.

Context:
BVG 98, 5/30/1877: " There is much evil in the world and in ourselves, terrible things, one does not need to be far advanced in life, to be in fear of much and to feel the need of a firm faith in life hereafter, and to know that without faith in God one cannot live, one cannot bear it."
JLB 117, 5/30/1877: " There is evil in the world and in ourselves, terrible things, and one doesn't have to have gone far in life to dread much and to feel the need for unfaltering hope in a life after this one, and to know that without faith in a God one cannot live -- cannot endure."

291. "the dark side" BVG 111, 10/21/1877.

Context:
BVG 111, 10/21/1877: "Such a fire of spirit and love is a force of God's opposed to the dark and evil and terrible things of the world and the dark side of life; it is a force of resurrection stronger than any act and a ray of hope which gives consciousness and security to the depths and the secret of the heart. It is expressed in words which are simple but eloquent, 'I never despair.'"
JLB 132, 10/21/1877: "Such a fire of Spirit and Love is a Power of God against the dark and evil and terrible things of the world and the dark side of life, it is a power of the Resurrection stronger than death, and a light of hope that gives an awareness and an assurance in the depths and in the secret recesses of the heart, the expression of which are the words, which are simple but say much: I never despair."

292. "evil self" BVG 98, 5/30/1877.

Context:
BVG 98, 5/30/1877: "When I think of the past, -- when I think of the future of almost invincible difficulties, of much and difficult work, which I do not like, which I, or rather my evil self, would like to shirk …"
JLB 117, 5/30/1877: "When I think of the past -- when I think of the future, of nearly insurmountable difficulties, of much and difficult work which I have no passion for, which I -- the evil part of me, that is -- would prefer to avoid …"

293. "days of darkness" BVG 110, 9/18/1877. At times Vincent seemed to hold out a timid hope of forgiveness, envisioning a day when he could stand "[with] a good conscience before God and before people" (JLB 133, 10/30/1877).

Context:
BVG 110, 9/18/1877: "Truly the light is sweet, and a pleasant thing it is for the eyes to behold the sun: but if a man live many years, and rejoice in them all; yet let him remember the days of darkness; for they shall be many."
JLB 131, 9/18/1877: "'Truly the light is sweet, and a pleasant thing it is for the eyes to behold the sun: but if a man live many years, and rejoice in them all; yet let him remember the days of darkness; for they shall be many."

294. "to know oneself" BVG 114, 11/25/1877.

Context:
BVG 114, 11/25/1877: "If you want to learn and have a useful knowledge of something, prefer to remain unknown and to be counted for nothing; the most sublime and useful study is to know oneself well, and to despise oneself.
JLB 135, 11/24/187-11/25/1877: "A true understanding and humble estimate of oneself is the highest and most valuable of all lessons. To take no account of oneself …"

295. Christ and Kempis BVG 114, 11/25/1877. Vincent quotes Christ saying, "He who hate not, even his own life also, he cannot be My disciple'" (JLB 135, 11/24/187-11/25/1877). This is Vincent's condensation of Luke 14:26: "If any man come to me, and hate not his father, and mother, and wife, and children, and brethren, and sisters, yea, and his own life also, he cannot be my disciple." He also quotes Kempis: "Si vous désirez apprendre et savoir utilement quelque chose, aimez à rester inconnu at à n'être compté pour rien, et l'étude la plus élevée et la plus utile, c'est de se bien connaître et de se mépriser." (If you desire to learn or know anything to your advantage, then take delight in being unknown and unregarded. A true understanding and humble estimate of oneself is the highest and most valuable of all lessons. To take no account of oneself.) The thrust of both passages is renunciation of the things of this world, not, as Vincent has it, the elevation of self-loathing to a Christian mandate. 296. too harsh BVG 116, 12/9/1877.

Context:
JLB 137, 12/9/1877: "Had a talk with Mendes this week, or rather last week, about 'He who hate not, even his own life also, he cannot be my disciple.' He declared that expression too strong, but I maintained that it was the simple truth."

297. "When we look" BVG 116, 12/9/1877.

Context:
JLB 137, 12/9/1877: "If we look at others who have done more and are better than we are, then soon enough we come to hate our own life because it's not as good as that of others."

298. only bread Slagter, p. 91. 299. "crust of black rye bread" BVG 112, 10/30/1877.

Context:
JLB 133, 10/30/1877: "When one eats a crust of black rye bread it's certainly good to think of the words 'Tunc justi fulgebunt ut sol in regnum Patris sui' (Then shall the righteous shine forth as the Sun in the Kingdom of their Father), or also when one very often has muddy boots or wet, dirty clothes."

300. example of Elijah Groot and De Vries, p. 57. See 1 Kings 17:10-11: "So he arose and went to Zarephath. And when he came to the gate of the city, behold, the widow woman was there gathering of sticks: and he called to her, and said, Fetch me, I pray thee, a little water in a vessel, that I may drink. And as she was going to fetch it, he called to her, and said, Bring me, I pray thee, a morsel of bread in thine hand." 301. "Take no thought" BVG 111, 10/21/1877: Citing Matthew 6:25, Vincent claimed hunger and other self-deprivations as badges of devotion. He maintained that his empty stomach showed his worthiness to join "the righteous," citing an unsourced maxim in the language he was studying at the time, Latin: "Tunc justi fulgebunt ut sol in regnum Patris sui" (Then shall the righteous shine forth as the Sun in the Kingdom of their Father) (JLB 133, 10/30/1877; see Matthew 13:43).

Context:
BVG 111, 10/21/1877: "Then I went to the English church and heard a very good sermon on, " Take no thought, saying, what shall we eat, or what shall we drink, or wherewith shall we be clothed, etc."
JLB 132, 10/21/1877: "…then went to the English church and heard a very good sermon on ' Take no thought (for your life) saying, What shall we eat? or What shall we drink? or Wherewithal shall we be clothed?"

302. went without an overcoat Mendes da Costa, "Personal Reminiscences of Vincent van Gogh," in Stein, ed., p. 45. Mendes da Costa notes that Vincent's "self-chastisement" also took the form of not wearing protective clothing in wintry or stormy weather. 303. tobacco BVG 112, 10/30/1877. Vincent called tobacco “a good and necessary aid to study" and recommended that Theo try some of the stuff that Vincent had asked him to send (JLB 133, 10/30/1877).

Context:
JLB 133, 10/30/1877: "Don't be in a hurry to send the tobacco; still have some, it's a good and necessary aid to study" (emphasis in original).

304. "it is a good thing" BVG 112, 10/30/1877. Vincent offered a sweeping justification for his copious intake of coffee: "A person has needs, and requires strength and fortification to be able to work. ... [O]ne must make do with what one has and fight with such weapons as are within one's reach, and use the means at one's disposal to make the most of it and gain from it" (JLB 133, 10/30/1877). This argument would, of course, justify just about anything in the service of God (or, later, art) -- liquor, sex, etc., not just coffee. There is some indication, however, that he was still avoiding sex at this time. In arguing that physical beauty and spirituality cannot co-exist, Vincent strongly suggested that sexuality was incompatible with religious ambition: "One cannot serve two masters,” he wrote, “ one cannot love two things that are so very different and feel sympathy for both" (JLB 139, 1/9/1878-1/10/1878).

Context:
BVG 112, 10/30/1877: "This certainly is a good prayer, and I thought of it when in simplicity I said to you that it is a good thing in this world to soak oneself in coffee."
JLB 133, 10/30/1877: "That is certainly a good prayer, and I thought of it when I told you in simplicity that it was good to steep oneself in coffee in everyday life."

305. sleeping on Slagter, p. 91. This memory comes from Vincent's cousin Bertha, the daughter of Dorus's brother Willem, who visited Uncle Jan's house in Amsterdam, along with other relatives, in early August 1877, while Vincent was staying there (JLB 125, 8/3/1877). Vincent referred to her as "a nice girl" (JLB 126, 8/5/1877). 306. "without bed or blanket" Mendes da Costa, "Personal Reminiscences of Vincent van Gogh," in Stein, ed., p. 45. 307. winter of 1877-78 Wylie, citing Vos's obituary in Algemeen Handelsbladfrom October 29, 1878, p. 5; n. 3: Wylie refers to "the 'severe winter' of 1877-78." In late November, Vincent reported, "It's blowing a storm outside, we have wind and rain aplenty these days" (JLB 135, 11/24/1877-11/25/1877). 308. "he preferred to" Mendes da Costa, "Personal Reminiscences of Vincent van Gogh," in Stein, ed., p. 45. 309. his walking stickMendes da Costa, “Personal Reminiscences of Vincent van Gogh,” in Stein, ed., p. 45: Mendes da Costa refers to a "cudgel." He also says that Vincent took the cudgel to bed with him. We believe this is the same "walking stick" that cousin Bertha reported Vincent slept with in her recollections from 1922 (Slagter, p. 91). 310. beat himself across the back Mendes da Costa, "Personal Reminiscences of Vincent van Gogh," in Stein, ed., p. 45: Mendes da Costa relates this startling story as if it were nothing unusual. "[Vincent] would arrive in the morning with the all-too-familiar announcement: 'Mendes, last night I used the cudgel again,' ... Whenever Vincent felt that his thoughts had deviated too much from what he considered proper, he took a cudgel to bed with him and scourged his back." 311. "mental breakdown" Du Quesne-van Gogh, p. 20: We find Lies's report of the mental toll on Vincent credible because she herself was receiving letters from Vincent (she was at school in Tiel) during most of the relevant time, and because this is the kind of information that would have found its way into the family oral record. The evidence for the breakdown that she cites -- the disintegration of his handwriting -- is also something family members would have noticed and noted. It is, in fact, one of the few ways the family would have tracked Vincent's emotional and psychological state (beyond his own reports and those of his uncles, to which Lies would probably not have been privy). Whether or not Vincent's behavior in the winter of 1877-1878 constituted a "mental breakdown" in any modern clinical sense is another matter and that is not the sense in which we cite it here. 312. "It became mere" Du Quesne-van Gogh, p. 20. 313. wandered incoherently BVG 112, 10/30/1877. This is not to say that, even in his incoherence, Vincent did not say meaningful and interesting things. However, paragraphs like the following stagger from subject to subject with only the slenderest connection between them in a way that is rare in Vincent's typically more careful prose. "Ate hotchpot at Uncle Sticker's one afternoon, and it occurred to me on that occasion to make that extract from Motley, I'll show it to you at Christmas. Because here in town I've seen and walked over so awfully many doorsteps and church floors and flights of steps up to houses, it occurred to me to make those maps of rocky Scotland, and while colouring them in (green and red) I thought of those pickles that Uncle is so fond of and I've grown fond of too. A person's soul is a singularly strange thing, and it is good, I think, to have one like a map of England made with love and to have in it as much as possible of that love which is holy and beareth all things and believeth all things and hopeth all things and endureth all things and never faileth. That Love is the Light of the world, the true life that is the light of men. The knowledge of languages is certainly a good thing to have, and I follow after in the hope that I might also grasp something of it." (JLB 133, 10/30/1877.) 168 314. ranted and ravedBVG 112, 10/30/1877. In the following example, Vincent's religious intensity seems to have broken free from the usual discipline of his intellect, revealing the desperation at the core of his ardor: "As we regard others so are we regarded by many eyes. It is from the conscience -- God's finest gift, and the proof that His eye is upon us, all-seeing and all-knowing, and also the assurance that He be not far from every one of us, but as our shade upon our right hand, and that He keeps us from the evil -- that our light comes in the darkness of life and of the world. And if we feel an eye watching us, as it were, then it is good to gaze upward sometimes as though seeing Him who is invisible." Normally, Vincent does not sacrifice lucidity so completely to fervor. 315. early eruptions See Ch. 10, n. 157. 316. "When one has" BVG 116, 12/9/1877.

Context:
BVG 116, 12/9/1877: "…it does one good to feel that one still has a brother living and walking on this earth. When one has many things to think of and to do, one sometimes gets the feeling, Where am I? What am I doing? Where am I going? And one's brain reels."
JLB 137, 12/9/1877: "…it does one good to feel that a brother of his also walks and lives on earth, when one has a lot of things to think about and a lot to do, one sometimes gets the feeling, where am I? what am I doing? where am I going? -- and one starts to grow dizzy …"

317. "I breakfasted on" BVG 106, 8/18/1877.

Context:
JLB 127, 8/18/1877: "Had breakfast afterwards, a piece of dry bread and a glass of beer -- that is a remedy Dickens recommends to those on the verge of committing suicide as being very efficacious in ridding them of that intention, for a while at least."

318. "God shall wipe" BVG 112, 10/30/1877. Vincent is referencing Isaiah 25:8: "He will swallow up death in victory; and the Lord God will wipe away tears from off all faces; and the rebuke of his people shall he take away from off all the earth: for the Lord hath spoken it."

Context:
BVG 112, 10/30/1877: "May all of us someday enter the kingdom which is not of this world, where they neither marry, nor are given in marriage, where the sun shall no longer be the light of day, and the moon shall no longer shine to be a brightness, but where the Lord will be a light eternal, and God our glory, where the sun shall no more go down; and the light of the moon shall not wane, for the Lord shall be there as an eternal light, and the days of thy mourning shall be ended, and God shall wipe away all tears."
JLB 133, 10/30/1877: "May we all at sometime enter into that kingdom which is not of this world, where they do not marry and are not given in marriage, where the sun shall be no more thy light by day, neither for brightness shall the moon give light unto thee, but the Lord shall be an Everlasting Light, and God our glory, where the sun shall no more go down, neither shall the moon withdraw itself, for the Lord shall be thine Everlasting Light, and the days of mourning shall be ended and God shall wipe away all tears from the eyes."

319. funeral orations BVG 116, 12/9/1877. Oraisons funèbres (the 1863 edition) by Bossuet.

Context:
JLB 137, 12/9/1877: "From Uncle Cor I received Bossuet, Oraisons funèbres, in a very good and handy edition, very complete, it includes, among other things, the fine sermon about Paul on the text 'for when I am weak, then am I strong.'"

320. "He is freed" BVG 98, 5/30/1877.

Context:
BVG 98, 5/30/1877: "When I found myself in front of the corpse of Aerssen the calmness and dignity and solemn silence of death contrasted with us, who still live, to such an extent, that we all felt the truth of what his daughter said with such simplicity: 'He is freed from the burden of life, which we have to go on bearing.'"
JLB 117, 5/30/1877: "When I was standing next to Aertsen's body, the calm and seriousness and solemn stillness of death contrasted so greatly with us who were living, that everyone felt what his daughter said in her simplicity: he is delivered from the burden of life which we must still bear."

321. embattled BVG 114, 11/25/1877. The metaphor of battle appears frequently in Vincent’s letters from this period: both directly ("hang on to what you have, for you too are in the fight”) and indirectly ("I hope to send you the little book about the crusades at the beginning of next month. Read it sometime, and then the two of us will give it to Pa (JLB 135, 11/24/1877-11/25/1877.) The book referred to was probably Histoire des croisades: raconté à la jeunesse by Auguste Gruson. 322. "the kindly light" JLB 134, 11/19/1877: "Well, the dark days before Christmas are already in sight, and behind them lies Christmas, just like the kindly light from the houses behind the rocks and the water that breaks against them on a dark evening. The Christmas celebration was always a bright spot for us, and may it remain so."

Context:
JLB 134, 11/19/1877: "Well, the dark days before Christmas are already in sight, and behind them lies Christmas, just like the kindly light from the houses behind the rocks and the water that breaks against them on a dark evening. The Christmas celebration was always a bright spot for us, and may it remain so."

323. "The dark days" BVG 113, 11/19/1877. 

 Context:
BVG 113, 11/19/1877: "Here, the dark days before Christmas are as a long procession at the end of which shines such a light ..."
JLB 134, 11/19/1877: "Well, the dark days before Christmas are already in sight ..."

324. not seen his father b2561 V/1982, "Gogh, Theodorus van" to "Gogh, Theo van", 10/6/1877. There are no indications of a visit by Dorus to Amsterdam anytime between Vincent's arrival in May and Christmas 1877. At the beginning of October, Dorus wrote Theo (somewhat obscurely): "I would really like to be with [Vincent] sometime, too, but it isn't possible yet" (b2561 V/1982, "Gogh, Theodorus van" to "Gogh, Theo van", 10/6/1877). A letter the following January lamenting a canceled trip to see Vincent that month suggests that no visits had occurred in the interim: "we thought how good it was that Pa was now finally going to see [Vincent]" (b0963 V/1962, "Gogh-Carbentus, Anna C. van" to "Gogh, Theo van", 1/19/1878). 325. "I cannot tell you" BVG 116, 12/9/1877. As if imagining it might make it so, Vincent bought a print depicting "an old and a young priest conversing in a garden" (JLB 133, 10/30/1877). This lithograph, which Vincent did not name, was by Louise Eugénie Steffens (ibid.; see Ch. 10, n. 21). He ruminates on this image in a way that suggests how important its message was to him: "The scene reminds me of a painting by [Claude] Jacquand [1803-1878], photographed in the cartes de visite, it's called 'The new vicar', I believe, it has the same sentiment, and also of The novice by G[ustave] Doré" (ibid.).

Context:
JLB 137, 12/9/1877: "I can't tell you how much I long for Christmas. And may Pa be satisfied with what I've done."

326. his other siblings b2576 V/1982, "Gogh, Anna van" to "Gogh, Theo van", 12/7/1877: Vincent's sister Anna wrote to Theo: "It is wonderful that -- as it seems -- [Vincent's] studies are going well. Yesterday, I got a letter from him." Anna did not come home for Christmas in 1877. 327. "I am now" BVG 115, 12/4/1877. In his account, Mendes da Costa is not specific on exactly when he concluded that Vincent could not master Greek verbs (Mendes da Costa, “Personal Reminiscences of Vincent van Gogh,” in Stein, ed., p. 45). Regardless of the chronology, however, there is no way to reconcile Vincent's statement that he was "through the beginning" of Greek with Mendes da Costa's assessment. The fact that Dorus, during the holidays, advised Vincent to repeat the exercises he had already done in order to get a better grounding in "rudiments and verbs" strongly indicates that Dorus had been notified of Mendes da Costa's negative assessment by Christmas (JLB 139, 1/9/1878-1/10/1878).

Context:
BVG 115, 12/4/1877: "Boy, if next Christmas I might be at the university and had overcome the difficulties at the start, as I am now over the beginnings of Latin and Greek, how happy I should be."
JLB 136, 12/3/1877-12/4/1877: "Old boy, if I were at university next Christmas, and already through the first difficulties of the beginning, just as I am now through the beginning of Latin and Greek, how happy I should be."

328. "on the whole" BVG 115, 12/4/1877.

Context:
BVG 115, 12/4/1877: "When I think over the time I spent at Braat's and the months of study here, upon the whole they have really been two good things."
JLB 136, 12/3/1877-12/4/1877: "If I look back in general on the time spent at Braat's and the months of study here, then those are truly two good things."

329. came early BVG 116, 12/9/1877. Vincent arrived in Etten probably on December 20 or 21. He had proposed an elaborate itinerary for this trip, involving two days in The Hague (December 20 and 21), staying at the Rooses; then, on the twenty-second a trip to Dordrecht while Theo worked. When Theo got off work, he would take the train to Dordrecht and they would meet up there for the final leg into Breda/Etten (JLB 136, 12/3/1877-12/4/1877). Theo responded with a simpler plan: that Vincent just stop in The Hague on his way to Etten (JLB 137, 12/9/1877). It doesn't appear that either plan materialized. Vincent did stop in The Hague on his way back to Amsterdam in January, apparently at the request of either his father or his brother, but his agreement to do so was unusually snippy ("It's not impossible that, on my way to Amsterdam, I could spend another night in The Hague ... but don't count on it") suggesting some lingering bad feelings about the collapse of the pre-Christmas plans (JLB 138, 12/30/1877). What is interesting about all the proposed plans is that they suggest a reluctance on Vincent's part to arrive in Etten before Theo -- perhaps a reluctance to confront his father alone.

Context:
JLB 137, 12/9/1877: "So goodbye for now, if I hear nothing more from you I'll come on Thursday or Friday, 20 or 21 December."

330. lingered for weeks Vincent did not leave Etten until Monday, January 7, cramming in one last Sunday with his father before leaving (b0960 V/1962, "Gogh, Theodorus en Anna C. van" to "Gogh, Theo van", 1/6/1878). He stopped in The Hague to see Theo briefly (ibid.) before arriving in Amsterdam that night (JLB 139, 1/9/1878-1/10/1878). 331. long walks BVG 116a, 12/30/1877.

Context:
JLB 138, 12/30/1877: "Today Pa, Ma, Cor and I took a lovely walk, you should have been there."

332. sledding BVG 116a, 12/30/1877.

Context:
JLB 138, 12/30/1877: "It snowed last week and Cor had fun with the sledge and so did I, because I sledged on the road with him and a girl who was staying at the Hackstrohs.'" (Susan(n)us Marinus Hackstroh and Elisabeth Clara Johanna Hackstroh-De Bock.)

333. "it is really lovely" BVG 116a, 12/30/1877.

Context:
BVG 116a, 12/30/1877: "Yesterday I went to see Mother's sewing class, which she teaches nowadays in the vestry; it is really lovely -- one would like to have a painting of it; already quite a number of children go to it."
JLB 138, 12/30/1877: "Yesterday I saw the sewing school that Ma now holds in the consistory, it is indeed pleasant, one would like to have a painting of it, there are already quite a few children coming to it."

334. shadowed his father b0960 V/1962, "Gogh, Theodorus en Anna C. van" to "Gogh, Theo van", 1/6/1878. Because the pastor for Prinsenhage, a "Rev. Kuijlman," fell and injured himself, Dorus had an especially busy Christmas season in 1877. "You know that Pa was in Prinsenhage with Vincent because Pa gave two sermons for Rev. Kuijlman." 335. busy holiday rounds BVG 116a, 12/30/1877. According to Vincent: "Pa has to preach 9 times in 10 days” (JLB 138, 12/30/1877). A week later, Dorus reported after he and Vincent returned together from a distant sermon: "I have been with Vincent in a very delightful rain" (b0960 V/1962, "Gogh, Theodorus en Anna C. van" to "Gogh, Theo van", 1/6/1878). 336. made a pilgrimageb0962 V/1962, "Gogh, Elisabeth van" to "Gogh, Theo van", 1/13/1878: Lies reported to Theo that "Vincent and I have gone there [i.e., to Princenhage] one more time, but our uncle really looks bad!" Lies's comment could be read to suggest that Vincent visited Cent more than once while in Etten for the holidays. Soon after this visit, Cent and his wife left for Paris (JLB 139, 1/9/1878-1/10/1878) and then Menton (b0964 V/1962, ''Gogh, Theodorus en Anna C. van'' to ''Gogh, Theo van'', 1/26/1878). His situation, however, did not improve. Dorus reported on his condition soon after his arrival on the Côte d'Azure: "He remains weak. The doctor thinks he is very weak and forbids him all activities and exertions, even writing letters. It really worries us, it seems to me he has never been as weak as we have seen him lately and as he seems to be, Poor fellow!" (b0965 V/1962, ''Gogh, Theodorus van'' to ''Gogh, Theo van'', 2/2/1878.) In fact, Cent lived another decade. 337. "If only I had" b0965 V/1962, "Gogh, Theodorus van" to "Gogh, Theo van", 2/2/1878. 338. "May he become" b0960 V/1962, "Gogh, Theodorus en Anna C. van" to "Gogh, Theo van", 1/6/1878: Always balancing, Anna hedges her despair with hope: "May Vincent also not be blessed only in his work, but he become more and more normal he has so much good, it would be such a pity." 339. "The worry about him" b0967 V/1962, "Gogh, Theodorus van" to "Gogh, Theo van", 2/20/1878. This is taken from a letter in February, but completes the thought expressed in the New Year's prayer, suggesting the continuous undercurrent of worry. 340. plainspoken sister Liesb0962 V/1962, "Gogh, Elisabeth van" to "Gogh, Theo van", 1/13/1878. Lies admitted to being insensitive at times. Speaking about her contrary reaction to her classmates' gloominess upon returning to school in Tiel after Christmas 1877, she wrote, "you see nothing but long faces. You know that I cannot stand that, and when I laughed about all that misery, I had to listen to sentimental outcries: 'Oh, how unfeeling of you to laugh now!' Just imagine that." Assessing her soon-to-be in-laws (the parents of Joan Marius van Houten, whose engagement to her sister Anna had recently been announced), Lies wrote: "I have to say that Mr. and Mrs. Houten's company is more freezing than enjoyable" (b2575 V/1982, ''Gogh, Elisabeth van'' to ''Gogh, Theo van'', 12/7/1877). No doubt Mother Van Gogh was referring to the same perverse irreverence when she commented in her euphemistic way that Lies wrote "extremely lively letters" (b0968 V/1962, ''Gogh, Theodorus van'' to ''Gogh, Theo van'', 3/2/1878). 341. "daffy with piety" Jansen, Luijten, and Bakker, p. 104: This is Jansen, Luijten, and Bakker's colorful translation of a phrase from a Lies letter to Theo in August 1876. 169 342. kerdraver b0962 V/1962, "Gogh, Elisabeth van" to "Gogh, Theo van", 1/13/1878. Lies spelled the word " kerdraver." We are assuming this is either a misspelling or a variant of kerkdraver. 343. "Now that he" b0962 V/1962, "Gogh, Elisabeth van" to "Gogh, Theo van", 1/13/1878. It should be noted that this catty, if not cruel, comment came after Vincent and Lies had a fight on the trip to see Uncle Cent in early January. "Vincent gave me a good dressing down because I was so worldly," she complained to Theo in the same letter. 344. the third and final review b0963 V/1962, "Gogh-Carbentus, Anna C. van" to "Gogh, Theo van", 1/19/1878. The third review, originally scheduled for January, was delayed when Dorus fell ill that month. Dorus's trip to Amsterdam was originally scheduled for January 21. He planned to go to Helvoirt first (to see his sisters), then to The Hague by Sunday, the 27th, to see Theo, then on to Amsterdam. Plans continued to change as Dorus's cold lingered ("the usual bothersome, deep cough"). Eventually, he went directly to Amsterdam on Monday, February 4, by way of Utrecht ("that is quicker"), bypassing The Hague. "I'm afraid that I will need all my time [in Amsterdam]," he wrote Theo, "so that I probably, or almost surely, cannot stop in The Hague this time" (b0965 V/1962, ''Gogh, Theodorus van'' to ''Gogh, Theo van'', 2/2/1878). In a letter also dated February 2, Anna wrote that Dorus "plans to go to Amsterdam tomorrow morning," but it is highly unlikely that Dorus left on February 3, a Sunday. 345. anti-social habits BVG 119, 2/18/1878.

Context:
JLB 141, 2/18/1877-2/19/1878: "Pa also advised me to try and make the acquaintance of a person or two."

346. "unhealthy existence" b0973 V/1962, "Gogh, Theodorus van" to "Gogh, Theo van", 4/1/1878: "It is an unhealthy existence, that he has made his own, I fear." 347. "I am afraid" b0968 V/1962, "Gogh, Theodorus van" to "Gogh, Theo van", 3/2/1878. Dorus's assessment was confirmed a few weeks later by a letter from Uncle Jan "somewhat concerned about [Vincent's] study" (b0969 V/1962, ''Gogh-Carbentus, Anna C. van'' to ''Gogh, Theo van'', 3/2/1878; Anna dates Jan's letter to sometime in mid-February). We suspect that there were other, earlier missives from Jan and Stricker on the basis of which Dorus formed his opinion about Vincent's work effort before coming to Amsterdam in February. 348. bringing dishonor b0969 V/1962, "Gogh-Carbentus, Anna C. van" to "Gogh, Theo van", 3/2/1878. Vincent's mother was quite explicit about the consequences of failing at his studies: "He doesn't want anything other than a job in the church but without studying -- what a prospect for his speeches and honor! and us with him." 349. "no longer a child" b0969 V/1962, "Gogh-Carbentus, Anna C. van" to "Gogh, Theo van", 3/2/1878. 350. set the goal BVG 132, 8/1/1879-8/15/1879. More than a year later, looking back over the debacle in Amsterdam, Vincent summarized the arguments used against him on occasions like this.

Context:
JLB 154, 8/11/1879-8/14/1879: "A striving such as reaching the goal set before me, as it was put then, truly that is an ambition that won't easily take hold of me again, the desire to achieve it has cooled considerably."

351. regimen for Vincent's studies BVG 117, 1/9/1878: Dorus offered this advice first during Vincent's Christmas visit.

Context:
JLB 139, 1/9/1878-1/10/1878: "Started taking lessons again on Tuesday morning, intend to do all those themes that I've written over again, at least inasmuch as I can find the time, what with my other work. Pa advised me to do it, because once one is well grounded in the rudiments and verbs &c., one makes rapid progress with translation."

352. supervise his lessons BVG 118, 2/10/1878. It is not clear if Stricker gave Vincent any formal "lessons" prior to this. Vincent, of course, when he reports this development to Theo, casts it in the most positive light possible.

Context:
JLB 140, 2/10/1878: "I'm currently taking lessons from Uncle Stricker once or twice a week, that is a bonus. Uncle is an expert in it, and I'm glad he could find the time to do it."

353. "terrible problem" b0966 V/1962, "Gogh-Carbentus, Anna C. van" to "Gogh, Theo van", 2/2/1878. 354. get a job b0966 V/1962, "Gogh-Carbentus, Anna C. van" to "Gogh, Theo van", 2/2/1878. On the eve of Dorus's departure for Amsterdam, Anna made it clear to Theo that one of the objectives of the trip was to put Vincent on a more self-sustaining financial basis. "You did write that when [Vincent] paid you a visit he was still very well. Maybe that will be the case even more so if he has to take care of himself for once." News of this change apparently made the round of family letters. Only about three weeks after Dorus's visit, Lies apparently commented on the fact that Vincent had still not found employment: "How long it takes for Vincent to find something, huh?" (b0950 V/1962, ''Gogh, Elisabeth van'' to ''Gogh, Theo van'', 2/27/1878). One of the parents' primary objections to Vincent's desire to become a catechist was that "that does not put bread on the table!" (b0968 V/1962, ''Gogh, Theodorus van'' to ''Gogh, Theo van'', 3/2/1878). The call to support himself apparently elicited a dramatic overreaction from the sensitive Vincent. A little more than a month after Dorus staked out this "harsh" position, his parents had to retreat from it somewhat -- "Pa told him to not deviate, to not get caught up in what he's cost us ..." -- despite the consequent financial pressures (b0970 V/1962, ''Gogh-Carbentus, Anna C. van'' to ''Gogh, Theo van'', 3/16/1878). "We encourage him, and give him the opportunity to continue his studies, though we almost do not know how we can manage that" (b0973 V/1962, ''Gogh, Theodorus van'' to ''Gogh, Theo van'', 4/1/1878). 355. took Vincent around BVG 118, 2/10/1878.

Context:
JLB 140, 2/10/1878: "As you know, Pa was here and I'm very glad of it, we went together to Mendes, Uncle Stricker, Uncle Cor, Vos and Kee and both Meijjes families, and the most pleasant memory of Pa's visit is that morning we spent together in my study, looking over my work and talking about all sorts of things."

356. still "uneasy" b0969 V/1962, "Gogh-Carbentus, Anna C. van" to "Gogh, Theo van", 3/2/1878: "As you know, Pa was not completely easy upon returning from his visit with [Vincent]." 357. smoke disappeared BVG 118, 2/10/1878. This is one of the most heartrending details in the entire corpus of letters.

Context:
JLB 140, 2/10/1878: "You can imagine that those days flew by when, after bringing Pa to the station and watching the train or even only the smoke for as long as it was in sight."

358. his uncle's house BVG 118, 2/10/1878.

Context:
JLB 140, 2/10/1878: "Uncle is out of town and now that it's lonely again here in the house since Pa left."

359. "I cried" BVG 118, 2/10/1878.

Context:
BVG 118, 2/10/1878: "You can imagine how the days flew by. After I had seen Father off at the station and watched the train go out of sight, even the smoke of it, I came home to my room and saw Father's chair standing near the little table on which the books and copybooks of the day before were still lying; and though I know that we shall see each other again pretty soon, I cried like a child."
JLB 140, 2/10/1878: "You can imagine that those days flew by and when, after bringing Pa to the station and watching the train or even only the smoke for as long as it was in sight, I came back to my room and Pa's chair was standing there by the little desk on which the books and notebooks were still lying from the day before, even though I know that we'll see each other again quite soon, I broke down and cried like a child."

360. "with red chalk" BVG 119, 2/18/1878.

Context:
JLB 141, 2/18/1878-2/19/1878: "Had taken along the sketch of that map of the Holy Land that I'd made for Pa's birthday (with red chalk on heavy brown paper) and I gave it to him, because I thought that little room a nice place for it, and I'm glad it's hanging on the wall there."

361. needed gaslight BVG 119, 2/18/1878.

Context:
JLB 141, 2/18/1878-2/19/1878: "The school, though, was held in a small room where the light had to be lit even at that hour, i.e. in the middle of the day."

362. "I want to do" BVG 119, 2/18/1878.

Context:
BVG 119, 2/18/1878: " I want to do such things now and then, for it certainly is very doubtful that I shall ever succeed, I mean, shall ever pass all the examinations. Five years at the least is a very long time; if one begins earlier, it is so much easier. It is true I can work longer and concentrate better, and things that many others care about have no attraction for me; but, after all, the work costs me great effort. Even if I fail, I want to leave my mark here and there behind me."
JLB 141, 2/18/1878-2/19/1878: " I feel the need to do something like that now and then, for it's most certainly in doubt whether I'll pass, i.e. all of the requirements, 5 years at the least is a long time, if one begins younger then one succeeds much more easily. Though I can work more and am better able to keep clear from distractions, and I have no desire for those things which many another craves, even so, I notice that I have difficulty learning. And in case I don't pass, I want nevertheless to be sure of having left a sign of life here and there."